The dynamics of Young Men's career aspirations

Career aspirations have assumed a central place in our understanding of the process of social mobility, yet aspirations themselves have been subject to remarkably little scrutiny. We conduct an empirical analysis of the dynamics of aspirations in a cohort using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men. Our results indicate that (1) occupational aspirations decline with age; (2) the overwhelming majority of young men have high aspirations at some point; (3) occupational aspirations, highly unstable among teenagers, become more stable with age; and (4) differences by race and social origin grow with age, reflecting growing race and social class differences in educational attainment.An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the American Sociologial Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, August 1989.     

社会经济因素对高龄老年人临终前生活自理能力衰退过程的影响

以《中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查》数据为基础,利用混合线性增长模型,分析了1998—2014年七期调查中已经死亡的老年人样本在临终前的生活自理能力变化轨迹,以及童年期、成年期和老年期的社会经济因素对其生活自理能力变化过程的影响。研究发现,这三个时期的社会经济因素会对老年人临终前的生活自理能力衰退过程产生直接和间接的影响。早期较差的社会经济状况会通过死亡的选择作用提高进入老年期个体的生活自理能力表现,这种机制不会影响个体的生活自理能力变化轨迹,但是会间接降低失能人群的照料成本;丰富的社会经济资源会通过改善老年个体的内在能力和功能表现发挥对生活自理能力的保护作用,这种保护作用可以降低老年人的失能风险和照料成本,也会增加失能人群的死亡风险和照料成本,多种机制的共同作用增加了老年人失能风险变化趋势的不确定性。     

The Reinvention of Liveability in Public Places: Interaction Mapping Analysis of Central Nottingham’s Improved Walkability

The reinvention of liveability in public places and its integration with social, environmental, cultural, and economic factors of living can be analyzed in detail in urban studies. This is studied in particular here through evaluation of different factors of quality of life and well-being in urban environments, one of which is the convention for encouraging social experience based on the socioeconomic and socioenvironmental values of the public place. This study will also discuss the relation between quality social environments and the socioeconomic values of public places, and how by enhancing the liveability of a place we can increase public expenditure and sociality of a place. Through interaction mapping analysis, and based on both human geography and urban studies, the study evaluates the implications of spatial change (i.e., temporary uses of a place) and walkability on maximizing the potential of a place and its immediate context. This comparison study then elaborates on socioeconomic benefits of walkability for liveability of public places.     

Diversity in Canada: Predictors of the perceptions of social interactions

ABSTRACT

Language is an important characteristic of culture. Importantly, with the ever-present migration of persons across countries and cultures, physical boundaries of language have been blurred creating a robust area of study: language brokering in the context of globalization. Migration and immigration often necessitate the learning of a new language and in immigrant families, open an opportunity for language skill differences and language brokering. Language brokering is a process by which a bilingual individual, often the children of immigrants, assists in communication between two parties speaking distinct languages. This common practice has generated an increased focus and body of research on the current and aftereffects of language brokering on individuals who broker. The present article provides a brief review of the literature on language brokering including identified antecedents and select outcomes such as family, academic, and psychological outcomes. Overall, the literature shows the associations among language brokering, the contexts in which it may occur, and the outcomes (family, academic, and psychological) for language brokers remain less than clearly understood, although inroads are being made as researchers delve more deeply into specific areas such as parentification, age, child development, and family dynamics.     

Role of Socioeconomic Status and Political Participation in Construction of Apathy Among Youth

Youth are considered an important segment of a country’s population. This article explores the effect of socioeconomic status on apathy among youth. It also tries to determine the association between apathy and political participation. Data were collected from four universities through a self-structured questionnaire given to students. A field survey was used to collect 882 questionnaires. Data were entered in SPSS, and data analysis was done by using ordinal regression analysis. A medium level of apathy (75.5%) and political participation (46.0%) was prevalent among educated youth. Results revealed a significant effect of number of siblings, age, gender, education, father’s education, and mother’s education on apathy. An association was also found between apathy and political participation.     

Depression and Religiosity in African American and White Community-Dwelling Older Adults

SUMMARY

This research examined the extent to which religiosity was predictive of level of depression, even after controlling for race, gender, social support, income sufficiency, and physical health. Data were collected using in-home interviews conducted from 1999 to 2001 with 1,000 adults age 65 to 106. Subjects were recruited from a stratified, random sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older in five central Alabama counties (three rural and two urban). The sample was stratified by county, race, and sex and included balanced numbers of African American males and females and White males and females. Highly religious persons had lower levels of depression, even when controlling for other known covariates, β = -.16, t(972) p < .001. Females reported higher levels of depression, β = .07, t(972) p < .05. Although race was unrelated to depression in the model including gender and religiosity only, African Americans reported fewer symptoms of depression than did Whites when social support, income sufficiency, and physical health were added to the model, β= -.08, t(972) p < .01. Results suggest the importance of health and social service professionals' drawing upon older adults' positive spirituality in professional interventions to prevent and treat depression.     

Managing Network Economies: The Competitive Advantage of Commons as Ecosystems of Innovation

Among the serious concerns raised by the socioeconomic development of the twenty-first century is the question of how regional development, especially in economically weak areas, can be supported in such a way as to bring about flexibility and innovation, matters causally associated with the long-term viability and evolution of living systems. This contribution employs research results derived from the management of common-pool resources (commons) to reconstruct the ways and means by which knowledge in robust and enduring organizations of commons may support the regional development of ecosystems of innovation, that is, systems of distributed knowledge featuring polycentric administration and decision mechanisms that mutually facilitate flexible and innovative solutions. All these matters are addressed by the application of the language-information-reality (LIR) framework and its extensions. The use of this framework of analysis helps to broaden awareness and understand where common sense is a synergistic consideration, and where an enhancement of our background knowledge is necessary.     

Process of Intergenerational Ambivalence: A Qualitative Inquiry

The phenomena of intergenerational ambivalence are often explained in terms of autonomy versus dependency, conflicting norms between generation regarding role expectation in intergenerational relations, and there has been a tendency to believe these factors lead to intergenerational ambivalence. This article intends to explain the family interaction processes that leads to the ambivalence type of relationships. A purposive sample of 185 respondents from 48 families was randomly selected from urban and rural area. The sample comprised father, son, mother-in-law, and daughter-in-law within the joint family. Data were collected through a narrative method and analyzed with a structure model analysis. The data reveal that in the process of interaction, generations have similarities in functional process (physical, economic, and emotional support) but have differences in normative (fulfillment of familial obligation, role, and responsibility) and consensual processes (differences in values and attitude). These differences can lead to negative subjective experiences in terms of stress and strain. Thus, to avoid such situations, participants often used emotion-focused coping approaches also maintaining ambivalence with respect to their intergenerational relationships.     

Student Nurse Education in a University Health Center

Abstract

Objective: This study assessed the association between ethnicity and family socioeconomic status (SES) as it relates to the prevalence of vaginal douching among female undergraduates in a university community. Participants and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted between September 2011 and February 2012 among 1,535 female undergraduates using a semistructured behavioral questionnaire adapted by the authors from previous research related to vaginal douching practice. Results: The overall prevalence of vaginal douching was 79.35% and the practice was significantly associated with the mother's age, ethnicity, low SES (educational level, occupation, and monthly income), and area of residence. The father's age and SES were statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion: Ethnicity and low SES of mothers were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of douching in daughters. These factors should be considered among others in any intervention to discourage vaginal douching among college women.     

家庭社会经济地位与儿童汉语阅读能力关系的元分析

众多实证研究表明,家庭社会经济地位是影响儿童汉语阅读能力发展的重要因素,然而已有研究结论存在分歧。采用元分析的方法,筛选出发表2002-2022 的 8篇实证研究进效应统计效应验结表家庭社会经济地位综合指标及其各单项指标与儿童汉语阅读能力均显著相关。学段的调节效应检验结果表明,与小学阶段相比,学前阶段儿童父母的职业和家庭收人与儿童汉语阅读能力的相关关系更强;汉语阅读能力测量类型的调节效应结果表明,汉语阅读能力测量类型不同,父母职业和家庭收人与儿童汉语阅读能力的相关关系存在差异。上述结果表明。家庭社会经济地位与儿童汉语阅读能力关系密切,同时还应考量儿童学段和汉语阅读能力测量类型在二者关系中的作用。