Household strategies in the face of resource scarcity in coastal Ghana: are they associated with development priorities?

In many developing regions, women and young girls spend several hours daily in the collection of natural resources. Still the link between these household resource strategies and stakeholder perceptions of development priorities remains unexplored. This project examines this association with survey data representative of the adult population from Ghana’s Coastal Region. Although natural resource scarcity and the sustainability of resource use represent key development challenges, there are others (e.g., energy, sanitation, employment, and educational opportunities). As such, even in the face of natural resource scarcity, individuals may place greater importance on other dimensions of development, especially if household resource strategies are perceived as relatively efficient. The analytical focus here is on water and the results suggest that gender roles shape household water collection strategies, while also shaping these strategies’ perceived opportunity costs. Specifically, Ghanian adults more often see drinking water provision as their primary development need when water sources are distant and/or when male household members collect water (particularly male heads). In the end, I argue that social science inquiry benefits by contextualizing social dynamics within environmental context, particularly within cultural settings in which human subsistence is intimately tied to the state of the natural environment.     

论公司利益相关者联盟

公司利益相关者联盟是公司利益相关者之间双向或多项式长期合作模式。它是一个公司治理范畴的概念。公司本身是一个联盟体。由股东联盟、债权人联盟、员工联盟、消费者联盟、社区联盟、企业联盟等联盟体组成。公司利益相关者联盟具有正向功能和反向功能。规范公司利益相关者联盟的行为,对于实现公司经济民主、公平,保证公司效率具有重要意义。     

我国旅游规划中的不公平现象研究

当前我国旅游规划中的不公平现象,主要体现在忽视当地社区参与、忽视环境保护机制、不顾子孙后代需要、漠视社会公众利益、不尊重人文社会环境等方面。旅游规划中应确立以人为本、整体发展的思想,从创新旅游规划理念出发,在充分考虑旅游规划中利益相关者的利益前提下,极大地消除旅游规划中的不公平现象,以促进当地经济社会的和谐发展。     

Changes in Aleut Concerns Following the Stakeholder-Driven Amchitka Independent Science Assessment

There is widespread agreement that stakeholders should be included in the problem‐formulation phase of addressing environment problems and, more recently, there have been attempts to include stakeholders in other phases of environmental research. However, there are few studies that evaluate the effects of including stakeholders in all phases of research aimed at solving environmental problems. Three underground nuclear blasts were detonated on Amchitka Island from 1965 to 1971. Considerable controversy developed when the Department of Energy (DOE) decided to “close” Amchitka. Concerns were voiced by subsistence Aleuts living in the region, resource trustees, and the State of Alaska, among others. This article evaluates perceptions of residents of three Aleutian village before (2003) and after (2005) the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation's (CRESP) Amchitka Independent Science Assessment (AISA). The CRESP AISA provided technical information on radionuclide levels in biota to inform questions of seafood safety and food chain health. CRESP used the questions asked at public meetings in the Aleut communities of Atka, Nikolski, and Unalaska to evaluate attitudes and perceptions before and after the AISA. Major concerns before the AISA were credibility/trust of CRESP and the DOE, and information about biological methodology of the study. Following the AISA, people were most concerned about health effects and risk reduction, and trust issues with CRESP declined while those for the DOE remained stable. People’s relative concerns about radionuclides declined, while their concerns about mercury (not addressed in the AISA) increased, and interest in ecological issues (population changes of local species) and the future (continued biomonitoring) increased from 2003 to 2005. These results suggest that questions posed at public meetings can be used to evaluate changes in attitudes and perceptions following environmental research, and the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the AISA answered questions about radionuclides, and lowered overall concern about radionuclides, but left unanswered concerns about the health effects of mercury.     

我国低碳旅游系统利益相关者关系格局及博弈分析

从我国低碳旅游系统利益相关者界定模糊、权责不清的现状入手,结合目前国内外旅游系统利益相关者研究成果,提出低碳旅游系统相关利益者的内涵;通过对目前低碳旅游系统利益相关者关系格局的分析,提出我国低碳旅游未来发展的系统利益相关者理想模式;在理想模式的基础上,运用共时参与模型和差序参与模型对低碳旅游系统具有代表性的四大相关利益者进行博弈分析,提出基于各利益相关者视角的低碳旅游行为模式,使低碳旅游走向协作发展的道路.     

公众参与环境影响评价机制研究——对典型环境群体性事件的反思

随着社会的发展和人们环境意识的觉醒,环境影响评价过程中利益相关者的意见和态度逐渐受到开发方和环保主管部门的关注。公众参与已经成为环境影响评价的重要组成部分,公众参与机制为利益相关者参与环境影响评价提供了一个利益博弈机制和平台。文章以近期典型的环境群体性为例,简要分析了公众参与环评机制的理论基础和基本程序,从公众参与的主体、信息公开、反馈机制和司法救济机制等方面探讨了现行公众参与环评机制存在的问题。通过分析认为,应从扩大公众的主体,提高公众参与的组织化水平;完善环评信息公开制度,强化舆论监督;构建和完善环评的司法审查机制等方面进一步完善公众参与环境影响评价机制,真正落实环评的预防功能。     

利益相关者视角的国家高新区高质量发展研究

当前,我国经济已由高速增长转向高质量发展阶段。国家高新区作为我国发展新经济、培育新动能的重要载体,是推动经济高质量发展的重要力量。从利益相关者视角看,国家高新区高质量发展的目标内涵主要体现在一流的营商环境、领先的科技创新、高端的产业集群和现代化治理体系等四大方面。比照上述目标定位,国家高新区在现实发展中还存在不少问题与短板。要逐一破解这些问题需要优化完善营商环境,努力打造宜居宜业宜创产业新城;进一步健全创新体系与机制,突破关键核心技术制约;加快数字经济发展,着力构建世界级创新型产业集群;推动体制机制创新,促进区域治理体系和能力现代化。     

我国精神损害赔偿立法之困境与突围

现行立法对于精神损害赔偿的适用条件过于严格,适用范围较狭窄。突破常规思维,承认纯精神损失得为请求权的独立客体,乃是解决之道。引进＂可预见规则＂并对利害关系人的范围作严格界定,可控制被告责任的漫无边际。     

农民专业合作社“规范困境”现象探析——来自湖北T合作社的个案

近年来农民专业合作社作为推进农业生产经营组织化变革的载体发展迅猛。但是实践中的农民专业合作社往往与合作社原则出现一定程度的背离,从而面临＂规范困境＂。通过对湖北T合作社的田野考察,将合作社置于行动主体的地位,从社会网络的视角去理解现代农业发展背景下合作社与多个利益主体的关系,分析表明农民专业合作社的行动构建区域社会地缘关系网络,权力关系网络、市场关系网络,并从中获取资源。同时这种网络对合作社的进一步行动形成制约,产业发展空间、农户行为特征、组织对市场的替代能力将是合作社突破＂规范困境＂的关键所在。     

An evaluation of stakeholder capacity in the implementation of millenium village primary school meal project

The paper focused on evaluation of stakeholder capacity to implement the millennium village primary school meal project in Kenya. The study which was anchored on the stakeholder theory as well as the Context Input Process Product (CIPP) model of evaluation used mixed methods research design with ex-post facto and case study as its two research elements. The mixed methods was adopted because when both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in a single study, the strengths of both produce a research synergy in which the collective benefits are greater than what is obtained from either approach when used alone. A sample size of 186 participants was selected from seven (7) primary schools using stratified random sampling. The participants selected purposively included pupils, teachers, head teachers, parents, Area Education Officer (AEO) and project staff. Data was collected using questionnaires, face to face interview guide, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and document analysis guide. The study findings indicated that the project was implemented with great success as indicated by stakeholders’ capacity to understand project objectives, their involvement in project planning and implementation and their positive attitude towards the project. This has contribute to poverty reduction in the community through the project and sustainable approaches for project implementation.