Using Inverse Probability Weighting Estimators to Evaluate Various Propensity Scores When Treatment Switching Exists

In this paper, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate three propensity score (PS) scenarios for estimating an average treatment effect (ATE) in observational studies when treatment switching exists: (a) ignoring treatment switching in subjects (UPS), (b) removing subjects with treatment switching (RPS), and (c) adjusting for treatment switching effect (APS) with two inverse probability weighting estimators, IPW1 and IPW2. We evaluate these six estimators in terms of bias, mean squared error (MSE), empirical standard error (ESE), and coverage probability (CP) under various simulation scenarios. Simulation results show that the IPW2 estimator with RPS has relatively good performance.     

The effect of charitable giving by celebrities on the personal public relations

This study examined how charitable giving by entertainment celebrities influences celebrity personal public relations. Survey participants showed positive attitudes toward charitable giving. Attitudes toward charitable giving positively influenced celebrity credibility perception. Credibility also influenced attitudes toward the celebrities, which in turn positively influenced the purchase intention of their performance. Also, attitudes toward charitable donations were positively associated with attitudes toward the celebrities. Scholars and practitioners need to note charitable giving as an efficient and strategic personal public relations factor and method.     

Implications of person–situation interactions for Machiavellians' unethical tendencies: The buffering role of managerial ethical leadership

Machiavellianism is a dark personality trait that prompts self-interested manipulation in interpersonal relationships and is conducive to unethical behaviour. Yet Machiavellians (Machs) are also adaptive individuals who tailor their behaviour to the immediate context and feel constrained to manoeuvre selfishly in tightly (not loosely) structured work environments. Drawing on a person–situation interaction perspective, we analyse whether managerial ethical leadership buffers the negative influence of Mach on employees' ethical work intention. Using data from 436 employees of a diverse set of Spanish banking entities, we find that interactions with ethical leaders weaken employees' intention to behave unethically more among high Machs than among low Machs. This investigation sheds light on Machiavellianism in the workplace and explores some actions that can buffer its negative effects on employees' ethical intention.     

对组织承诺三因素模型被质疑问题的思考

针对组织承诺三因素模型被质疑的三种承诺与离职意愿的相关系数过高、情感承诺和规范承诺的高相关性和三个承诺的概念统一性问题进行分析后得出:强调个体与组织保持雇佣与被雇佣关系,将个体对离开组织这一具体行为的态度包含在将组织作为态度目标的模型中,是该模型被质疑问题的根源。此外,其概念的整合方式也不合理。将组织承诺中对具体行为的态度替换为一般性的行为意向,并与个体对组织的情感部分与认知部分一起组成标准态度观的组织承诺是更为合理的解决办法。     

Modelling the role of anticipated emotions in blood donor behaviour: A cross-sectional study

For blood transfusion centres, studying anticipated emotions (AEs) related to blood donation is essential, since these variables influence donation decision. For this reason, this work addresses the need to identify the antecedents and consequences of AEs, which will help explain their origin and their role in donation behaviour. Our purpose is to make further progress with the application of the AE framework in a non-profit context, by analysing how AEs are generated and how they influence decision-making. This study aims to design and validate an explanatory model of donation intention, where motivations and attitude towards donation are direct antecedents of AEs, while AEs, motivations and attitude towards donation act as direct antecedents of intention. Moreover, it has been also considered how the type of donor influences the proposed model as a moderating factor. The final sample is comprised of 35,982 active donors, inactive donors and non-donors. Data was obtained through an online questionnaire, with the collaboration of 14 of the 17 Spanish blood transfusion centres, as well as some universities. Results indicate that (1) AEs, motivations and attitude towards donation are direct antecedents of donation intention, (2) motivations and attitude towards donation are direct antecedents of AEs, and (3) donation experience moderates the relationships between motivations, attitude towards donation, AEs, and donation intention. These results indicate several operational implications that will enable blood transfusion centres to better design and target donation promotion campaigns according to type of donor. Furthermore, the results will let centres assess whether placing value on donation motivation and attitude towards donation can bolster positive AEs, diminish negative AEs and have a direct effect on donation intention.     

语境与话语意向的相互作用

语境是语言使用的环境 ,是语言表达所依赖的语言知识和蕴含的非语言知识的总和。话语意向是话语的语用含义或言外之意。语境可以补充说明、升华话语意向 ,它对话语意向的理解起决定性作用 ;人们也可以根据自己的话语意向有意识地改变甚至创造语境 ,以求达到既定的交际目的     

隐私偏好设置与隐私反馈对移动商务用户行为意愿影响及交互作用的实证研究

随着互联网产业的快速发展，移动服务商能够更便捷地获取用户个人隐私信息，而对隐私信息保护又相对薄弱，从而导致用户越来越感知到个人隐私信息缺乏控制，也进一步影响着用户披露个人信息与使用移动商务的意愿，因而有必要探索新的隐私保护方法，并通过实证研究对其有效性进行验证。基于此，本文以公平理论、计划行为理论为基础，提出了面向移动商务环境的隐私偏好设置及隐私反馈，探究了其对移动商务用户披露个人信息与使用移动商务意愿（下简称行为意愿）的影响作用与机理，并采用PLS-SEM方法进行了实证研究。实证结果表明：所提出的隐私保护方法对用户感知的隐私控制（下简称感知控制）和行为意愿产生显著的直接正向影响，并通过感知控制间接正向影响用户的行为意愿，而隐私偏好设置和隐私反馈对用户行为意愿具有显著的负向交互作用，且隐私反馈对隐私偏好设置具有替代作用。     

粤语-普通话讲话者言语产生中的词汇选择机制初探

以熟练非平衡粤语-普通话讲话为被试，考察粤一普讲话者言语产生中的词汇选择机制。结果发现，在预期切换条件下。切换至粤语（熟练方言）和切换至普通话（相对熟练方言）的切换代价相当；在无预期切换条件下，切换至普通话的切换代价较切换至粤语的切换代价大。熟练非平衡粤-普讲话者的词汇选择机制受语言熟练程度的差异以及任务类型的共同影响。     

《老人与海》狮子意象探析

《老人与海》意象丰富,狮子意象尤为独特。海明威精心布局,在小说中先后五次出现狮子意象,尽管着墨不多,其作用不容小视:它犹如一串链上的五颗珍珠,把"老人"的心理流变过程串连起来;它勾连上下文,使小说结构更加严谨;它烘托"老人"的心灵世界,塑造出一位鲜明丰满的文学形象。     

法律行为概念辨析

法律行为作为德国民法中的一个人为概念，有对其进行阐释和体系化的价值。但学界中关于法律行为的各种不同定义导致了这一概念的不确定性，使它无法完成作为一个认知工具解决法律问题的使命。概念必须因生活需要而存在，法律行为的定义中既要包含其核心要素意思表示，又要充分重视这一概念的工具性价值，合理限定其属概念，即在定义中强调它的属概念为发生私法上效果的一种动态变化的行为，而不再作为一种法律事实予以强调。