社会比较、时间比较对老年人主观幸福感的影响研究

基于2015年中国综合社会调查数据,采用标准有序Logistic模型,检验分析了比较对老年人主观幸福的影响。研究发现:主观幸福感是一个比较的概念,其关键在于比较,社会比较和时间比较对老年人主观幸福感具有显著正向影响;对比效应是解释老年人主观幸福感的心理机制;时间比较对不同老年人主观幸福感的影响存在异质性,心理不健康、多子女、家庭经济地位高、文化程度低的老年人的主观幸福感影响更大;生活保障、社会公平等宏观制度因素对老年人主观幸福影响显著。据此提出,推进老年人继续教育、再就业等工作,提升老年人的获得感;加大民生建设,丰富老年人精神文化生活;通过政策倾斜与人文关怀重点关注弱势老年人群体;重点推进生活保障、社会公平等宏观制度建设。     

新疆兵团的人口迁移和人口流动现状研究——以兵团农八师石河子为例

新疆生产建设兵团以屯垦戍边为职责,集党、政、军、企为一体,在国家实行计划单列。由于兵团体制和社会经济发展状况的特殊性,兵团的迁移人口状况、流动人口状况也呈现出了很强的独特性。本文以兵团农八师石河子为样本,对其迁移人口和流动人口的现状进行了较为深入、全面的分析。     

Age stratification at work: Trends in occupational age segregation in the United States, 1950–2000

This paper adjudicates between competing accounts of recent trends in the amount and patterning of occupational age segregation. These accounts rely on narratives about: (1) the decline of age-graded mobility, (2) the rise of occupational volatility, and (3) the existence of dual labor markets, in particular increasingly bimodal age distributions in low-skill occupations. Using new log-multiplicative models and related methods, the findings show that overall age segregation declined between 1950 and 1990, which is consistent with the decline of age-graded mobility. Among women, though not among men, the findings show increasingly bimodal age distributions in particular low-skill occupations, which is consistent with a dual labor market. Starting in 1990, age segregation increased among men and may have increased among women, which is consistent with the occupational volatility narrative.     

Intergroup Behaviour and Ethnicity: A Social Psychological Perspective

Humans exist not only as unique individuals, but also as members of social groups that are formed on the basis of ethnicity, gender, age and so forth. Reflecting this duality are interpersonal and intergroup modes of behaviour, respectively. Thus, humans can act in terms of their personal self and treat others as individuals (interpersonal behaviour); they can also act in terms of group membership and relate to others as members of this or that group (intergroup behaviour). In a mixed marriage, for example, the couple's behaviour toward each other is ‘normally’ interpersonal, but can become intergroup when war breaks out between their respective ethnic groups. Contrary to common sense, factors more minimal than a war are often sufficient to trigger intergroup behaviour. Indeed, seemingly interpersonal encounters are in fact intergroup. How does behaviour shift from interpersonal to intergroup, and with what consequences? To address these questions, I outline a social psychological perspective based on social identity theory and conclude with a discussion on the enigmas of ethnicity.     

在内在性与超验性之间--梅洛-庞蒂的肉身时间观

梅洛 -庞蒂认为时间是肉身主体在世存在的一种生存维度 ,它呈现为一种知觉场 ,它由处于核心的 (广义的 )现在和处于边缘的 (广义的 )过去与将来构成。现在借助于一种时间的过渡综合 ,而成为一种具有厚度的时间层 ,过去与将来 (或者在特殊意义上的出生和死亡 )则是围绕着现在的一种视域或氛围。对主体来说 ,它们都既是内在的 ,又是超验的。这种时间场的结构使主体性、主体的认识、主体的自由及主体间性成为可能。     

社会转型以来农民流动的特点与趋势

社会转型以来农民流动呈现出多样性的特点。未来农民流动可能会呈现更加规模化、组织化、年轻化和技能化的趋势。     

THE COMMUNITIES WE ARE REGAINING BUT NEED TO LOSE

Michael Young and Gerard Lemos’ (1997 Young, M. and Lemos, G. 1997. The communities we have lost and can regain, London: Lemos and Crane.  [Google Scholar]) text The communities we have lost and can regain has had a substantial influence on New Labour's communitarian thinking. This paper critically examines a specific aspect of New Labour's communitarian agenda, namely, its use of public housing policy to rebuild communities in order to combat social exclusion on so-called ‘sink estates’. The paper is presented in four main parts. The first part of the paper discusses how, why and to what extent ‘community’ has been lost, with particular reference to public housing estates. The second part examines why community rebuilding is now seen as the solution to the problems caused by the loss of community on public housing estates and, to this end, pays particular attention to the communitarian values that underpin New Labour's third way. The third part of the paper examines some empirical studies of community in order to highlight the key characteristics of ‘community’ and thereby develop a critical understanding of what New Labour are currently seeking to achieve. The fourth part of the paper juxtaposes this discussion of ‘community’ with a discussion of emerging socio-economic trends that have been identified in the literature on late modernity and globalization. By highlighting emerging socio-economic trends such as residential mobility into the community debate, the paper concludes by criticizing the policy of community building as ‘good for you’. Our key point is that community building restricts the residential mobility of poorer households and exacerbates (rather than combats) their social exclusion because a key indicator of social inclusion is their ability to take advantage of the social, cultural and economic opportunities that so often exist ‘elsewhere’.     

The Effects of Divorce on Men’s Employment and Social Security Histories

Analyses of the economic consequences of divorce have emphasized the negative effect of divorce for women. For men, consequences of divorce are most often believed to be social or psychological. This is not consistent with an economic literature showing the positive effects of marriage on men’s wages. Using a nationally representative life-history survey among men in the Netherlands, this paper reanalyzes the possible negative effects of a divorce for the careers of men. Complete life histories provide information on upward and downward occupational mobility as well as on unemployment and disability. Multivariate event history models show that after divorce, men experience an increased chance of becoming downwardly mobile, an increased chance of becoming unemployed, and an increased chance of becoming disabled. Additional analyses are done to assess whether these effects are spurious, due to the influence of earlier problems that men experienced in their lives, as measured by indicators of employment problems, health problems, and problems in social relationships. While these variables have an effect on the future career, they are not strong enough to eliminate the divorce effect. Implications are discussed for different theoretical hypotheses about the importance of marriage and divorce for men’s employment. Kalmijn, M., 2005, Les effects du divorce sur les histoires professionnelle et socio-médicale des hommes, Revue Européenne de Démographie, 21: 347–366.     

社会流动视域下的教育管理：基点、举措、趋向及保障

社会流动是增强社会活力、维护社会稳定的重要因素,通过教育管理体制的改革可有效推进农村人口的向上社会流动。美国、日本、德国、英国等发达国家教育管理的相关经验能为我国提供借鉴。这些经验包括：在基础教育领域注重课程多元、教师流动和多样化办学等基点;在职业教育领域推行部门协作、均权管理和注重评估等举措;在高等教育领域形成社区化、开放化和均衡化等趋向;在继续教育领域形成立法、财政和学分互认等保障。由此得出的启示是：经费投入和使用要向农村教育倾斜;要开展成果认证和转换,为农村群体构筑社会流动通道;要完善法律制度,推进城乡一体化教育管理体制改革;要构建多维终身教育体系,促进农村人口向上社会流动。     

我国劳动力流动市场化程度的地区差异--对中国市场化指数和贫困监测报告有关数据的分析

本文依据中国市场化指数研究报告的数据和世界银行贷款扶贫项目监测报告中的调查数据,考察了我国劳动力流动市场化程度的地区差异问题。研究表明,中国各省市区要素市场的市场化水平持续提升,劳动力流动程度大为提高,各地绝对差异扩大,但市场化程度的相对差距却在下降。由于指数设计上的不足,市场化进程指数体系对劳动力流动性的考察存在缺陷。劳动力的外流对流出地经济市场化进程具有积极作用和正面影响。