“于是”与事理承接

以往对承接复句的分析说明主要是从时间关系或顺序入手的。以新的视角从逻辑意义入手 ,可将承接复句分为时间承接与事理承接两类。综合考察“于是”连接的“事理承接”复句的语义、语法与语用 ,可发现 :前后逻辑语义的密切相关、动态性、完成性与描写性是这类承接复句的主要特征。     

基于自动机模型数据关联性能评估算法

提出了一种基于自动机理论的性能评估方法,通过在有限自动机模型中增加描述观测的时间序列,来扩展其对数据关联过程的表达能力;使用时序有限自动机模型来描述关联处理算法的模型;使用带时间属性的字符串表示目标航迹。对数据关联的时序有限自动机模型进行一致性和可达性分析,并在此基础上给出了性能评估算法。实验结果证明该方法可以有效地评价关联算法的性能。     

科举对清代社会流动的影响——基于清代朱卷作者之家世分析

通过对《清代朱卷集成》七千多名举子家世的分析,可以看出,在清代,尽管获得科举功名者大多数出身于较高社会阶层,出身于上五代均无功名家庭的举子要实现向上流动相当艰难,但一定比例的布衣借着科举得以升迁的事实,说明他们仍有一个较为公平的上升渠道。姻亲和母系家族对于举子提升社会阶层几无助力。居住城市的举子实现向上流动的机会要比乡居举子大得多,但家世在实现社会流动的过程中起着远比居住地更为重要的作用。     

减租减息与淮北抗日根据地农民的社会流动

抗日战争时期,党在淮北抗日根据地实行了比较彻底的减租减息,它在经济上削弱了封建剥削,改善了农民的社会生活,促进了根据地土地和阶级关系的变化,引发了根据地农民的社会流动和阶级结构的变化,有利于根据地社会的稳定,为根据地的巩固与扩大奠定了坚实的基础.     

Linear Discriminant Analysis of Multivariate Spatial–Temporal Regressions

Abstract.  We consider classification of the realization of a multivariate spatial–temporal Gaussian random field into one of two populations with different regression mean models and factorized covariance matrices. Unknown means and common feature vector covariance matrix are estimated from training samples with observations correlated in space and time, assuming spatial–temporal correlations to be known. We present the first-order asymptotic expansion of the expected error rate associated with a linear plug-in discriminant function. Our results are applied to ecological data collected from the Lithuanian Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea.     

Shared Ownership and Affordable Housing: A Political Solution in Search of a Planning Justification?

Planners in England routinely include shared ownership (SO) housing in the affordable housing element of new developments. Government policies in a number of European countries have also backed intermediate housing market mechanisms as a solution to housing affordability. The rhetoric of such mechanisms makes claims about its social progressiveness, its role in facilitating socio-economic mobility and helping people move from rented accommodation into full owner-occupation. SO schemes in England have been justified on the grounds of being transitional tenures and planners have accepted SO on this basis. However, given the paucity of rigorous empirical work, there is a concern that this is a policy based on assumption rather than evidence. This paper delineates existing knowledge, clarifies dimensions of the intermediate housing market and highlights underlying policy issues based on a large data-set of shared owners in England. Our analysis indicates that SO may not be appropriately classified as affordable housing, and justifiable policy requires further evidence.     

The mobility problem in Britain: new findings from the analysis of birth cohort data

Social mobility is now a matter of greater political concern in Britain than at any time previously. However, the data available for the determination of mobility trends are less adequate today than two or three decades ago. It is widely believed in political and in media circles that social mobility is in decline. But the evidence so far available from sociological research, focused on intergenerational class mobility, is not supportive of this view. We present results based on a newly‐constructed dataset covering four birth cohorts that provides improved data for the study of trends in class mobility and that also allows analyses to move from the twentieth into the twenty‐first century. These results confirm that there has been no decline in mobility, whether considered in absolute or relative terms. In the case of women, there is in fact evidence of mobility increasing. However, the better quality and extended range of our data enable us to identify other ‘mobility problems’ than the supposed decline. Among the members of successive cohorts, the experience of absolute upward mobility is becoming less common and that of absolute downward mobility more common; and class‐linked inequalities in relative chances of mobility and immobility appear wider than previously thought.     

我国沙尘暴现状与生态防治对策

沙尘暴是由多种因素引起的自然现象,但在更广泛意义上,它是一个严重的生态问题.本文分析了我国沙尘暴天气的时空分布特征、发展趋势和沙尘暴的形成原因及危害方式,从协调人与自然的关系、科学防沙治沙、保护现有植被、以及防治重点在农牧交错地带等方面提出了防沙治沙的基本对策.     

Metropolitan influences on migration into poor and nonpoor neighborhoods

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three decennial US censuses are used to examine the influence of metropolitan-area characteristics on black and white households’ propensity to move into poor versus nonpoor neighborhoods. We find that a nontrivial portion of the variance in the odds of moving to a poor rather to a nonpoor neighborhood exists between metropolitan areas. Net of established individual-level predictors of inter-neighborhood migration, black and white households are more likely to move to a poor or extremely poor tract rather than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas containing many poor neighborhoods and a paucity of recently-built housing in nonpoor areas. Blacks are especially likely to move to a poor tract in metropolitan areas characterized by high levels of racial residential segregation and in which poor tracts have a sizeable concentration of blacks. White households are more likely to move to a poor than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas that have comparatively few African Americans.     

‘We Can All Just Get on a Bus and Go’: Rethinking Independent Mobility in the Context of the Universal Provision of Free Bus Travel to Young Londoners

This paper uses qualitative data from interviews with 118 young Londoners (age 12–18) to examine how the universal provision of free bus travel has affected young people’s independent mobility. Drawing on Sen’s capabilities approach, we argue that free bus travel enhanced young Londoners’ capabilities to shape their daily mobility, both directly by increasing financial access and indirectly by facilitating the acquisition of the necessary skills, travelling companions and confidence. These capabilities in turn extended both opportunity freedoms (e.g. facilitating non-‘necessary’ recreational and social trips) and process freedoms (e.g. feeling more independent by decreasing reliance on parents). Moreover, the universal nature of the entitlement rendered buses a socially inclusive way for groups to travel and spend time together, thereby enhancing group-level capabilities. We believe this attention to individual and group capabilities for self-determination provides the basis for a broader and more child-centred view of independent mobility than the typical research focus upon travelling without an adult and acquiring parental permissions.