Farmers,trust, and the market solution to water pollution: The role of social embeddedness in water quality trading

Water quality trading (WQT) is a market arrangement in which a point-source water polluter pays farmers to implement conservation practices and claims the resulting benefits as credits toward meeting a pollution permit. Success rates of WQT programs nationwide are highly variable. Most of the literature on WQT is from an economic perspective emphasizing property rights, transaction costs, and the role of the price signal, but this institutional approach cannot fully account for the differential success rates between and within WQT programs. In this paper I turn to the role of social embeddedness and trust in helping explain these variable outcomes. Using interview data from all WQT programs nationwide I demonstrate that differential success rates between, and particularly within programs is largely determined by the presence or absence of a trusted local intermediary with relationships to the farming community. Trust helps WQT programs succeed because it makes information more credible to farmers, makes outreach to farmers more efficient, and buffers the risk that farmers may perceive in participating in the trading scheme.     

上海生态文明建设的激励和约束机制研究

生态文明建设是一项系统工程,需要通过整体推进,构筑规划、建设、管理、技术、产业、社会和合作协同发展的综合体系。未来上海应以建立和完善市场机制为核心,以法律机制为前提,以政府监管机制为保障,以能力建设机制为基础,以社会参与机制为监督,按照"引逼结合、多方合力、突出重点、先行先试"的原则,加快上海生态文明建设机制创新。主要途径有:完善碳排放交易试点,建立长效市场机制;推进分布式能源应用,提高清洁能源比重;加快新能源汽车推广,优化交通能源结构;培育发展再制造产业,推广先进制造理念。     

制度与信任形成的微观机制——兼评房莉杰《制度信任的形成过程》

本文试图从博弈论的视角为信任的发生机制提供微观行为基础,并重新解释新型农村合作医疗制度中的信任问题。信任是对交易关系中利益相关方可能采取的对各方都有利的合作性策略行为的一种概括化的、稳定性的期望,也是人们理性选择的结果。信任形成的关键是需要一系列触发机制不断地强化而形成稳定的预期。〖JP2〗在对新型农村合作医疗制度及其涉及的农民信任问题解释时发现,大量的触发机制发挥了积极的反馈强化作用,如说服与政治动员、加大资助特殊群体、引入家庭账户、提高补偿程度、信息公开等。正是这些触发机制的正反馈作用,农民逐渐相信农村合作医疗管理机构及其他的医疗保险服务机构等,他们所采取合作性的策略行为承诺是可信任和期待的。     

90年代后期中越经贸关系及其发展前景

中国同越南之间的经贸联系自古已经开始 ,两国的民间贸易往来十分频繁 ,但受各种因素的影响 ,两国的官方贸易发展缓慢。 1991年中越关系正常化后 ,双方的贸易关系开始迅速发展 ,正规贸易额基本呈直线上升趋势 ,但客观来讲 ,仍未达到应有的水平 ,特别是与两国日益强化的政治关系相比较为滞后。如何改变这种状况 ,一直是两国政府十分关注的议题。目前 ,随着双方政治关系的不断发展 ,加强经贸领域的合作已逐步提到议事日程。其实 ,中越双方在经贸领域有着十分有利的合作条件 ,只要双方相互重视 ,诚意合作 ,共同努力 ,相信中越经贸合作的前景是良好的。     

Is the beauty premium accessible to all? An experimental analysis

We conducted a trust game experiment to investigate whether women are trusted more when they wear makeup than when they do not. Facial attractiveness, which was manipulated through the application of makeup by a professional makeup artist, was measured before and after makeovers. Trustors were shown a photograph of their female counterparts before they made decisions about money transfers to trustees. The results showed that wearing makeup increased perceived attractiveness, which in turn led trustors to make larger transfers to female trustees during the trust game. Additionally, we discovered a pure makeup premium that was mediated by gender. Specifically, female trustees with makeup received larger transfers than female trustees without makeup when the trustors were men, even after controlling for female trustees’ levels of attractiveness.     

双寡头电力市场垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型

考虑单电网公司与双发电商所组成的渠道结构,构建了发电商投资减排、电网公司投资消纳的优势互补的异质型垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型,先后考察并比较了分散决策和集成决策下的反馈均衡结果。在此基础上,讨论了利润共享契约下系统增量利润的分配问题。研究表明：对于分散决策,电网公司选择性承担发电商的减排费用;两种决策下的发电商减排和电网公司购电价格以及分散决策下的减排补贴与发电商之间的减排竞争强度相关;在一定条件和范围内,合作博弈有利于提高电网公司购电电价,同时为此所带来的风险增大。     

高校突发事件网络舆情传播的博弈分析--以香港占中事件为例

高校突发事件网络舆情的管理关系到高校教学乃至社会发展的稳定。以香港“占中”事件为例,运用演化博弈分析方法,建立学生群体面对突发事件策略选择的博弈模型,通过模型分析学生策略选择对网络舆情演变的影响。该模型可推广到一般的高校突发事件,对研究高校突发事件网络舆情具有一定的借鉴意义。     

双边不确定性条件下制造商质量投资与零售商销售努力决策

已有研究较少同时考察供应链中制造商产品质量信号传递和零售商销售努力调整的问题。本文考虑零售商通过努力水平改变市场需求,且制造商分摊一定比例销售努力成本的情形,制造商在决定进行质量投资后,双方对制造商能否成为高质量类型各有不同的信念,零售商只能通过观察制造商提供的契约来修正关于制造商类型的信念,并确定产品销售价格与销售努力水平。构建博弈模型分析了双方的质量投资决策、销售努力决策、定价决策以及成本分摊比例。结果表明,在不考虑质量投资成本的情形下,制造商的质量投资能够达到帕累托最优。为了激励零售商付出最优促销努力水平,销售契约中规定销售成本分摊比例与惩罚措施,由于讨价还价的存在,实际的销售成本分摊比例小于对制造商最有利的成本分摊比例。对零售商而言,制造商承担的销售成本分摊比例并非越高越好,这意味着如果超过一定范围,制造商的成本分摊反而会损害零售商的利益。     

供应链企业碳减排投资策略选择与行为演化研究

基于当下气候变暖的背景中有社会责任感的消费者对低碳产品有特殊偏好的情境,研究上游企业主导的供应链在面对具有低碳产品偏好的市场消费者时,上下游企业的减排投资行为与策略。依照Stackelberg博弈模型,构建上下游企业采用不同的行为策略的支付矩阵。进而,应用演化博弈理论中双种群演化博弈模型分析得到上下游企业减排投资行为的演化稳定策略:当需要较大的投资或者下游企业分担减排成本意愿较强时,由处于主导地位的上游企业实施投资减排是稳定的;当需要较小的减排投资或者下游企业分担减排成本意愿较弱时,上下游企业组成的供应链中必然会有一个企业实施减排。最后,指出了减排投资系数和下游企业分担投资成本比例的不同对演化博弈稳定均衡的影响。     

Strategic Motive for Introducing Internet Channels in a Supply Chain

Rapid advances of information technology in recent years have enabled both the manufacturers and the retailers to operate their own Internet channels. In this study, we investigate the interaction between the capabilities of introducing the Internet channels, the pricing strategies, and the channel structure. We classify consumers into two segments: grocery shoppers attach a higher utility from purchasing through the physical channel, whereas a priori Internet shoppers prefer purchasing online. We find that when the Internet shoppers are either highly profitable or fairly unimportant, the manufacturer prefers to facilitate the channel separation either through his own Internet channel or the retailer's. In the intermediate region, however, the manufacturer encroaches the grocery shoppers and steals the demand from the retailer's physical channel. With horizontal competition between retailers, a priori symmetric retailers may adopt different channel strategies as a stable market equilibrium. The manufacturer may willingly give up his Internet channel and leverage on the retailer competition. When the manufacturer sells through an online e‐tailer, Internet shoppers may be induced to purchase through the physical channel. This reverse encroachment strategy emerges because selling through the e‐tailer leads to a more severe double marginalization problem.