交通事故责任认定规则研究——对《道路交通安全法》第七十六条的法经济学分析

新颁布的《道路交通安全法》第七十六条体现了"以人为本"的立法理念,否定了"撞了白撞"。但对这一通俗的说法应有更准确的法律解释和更深刻的理论分析。依据对交通事故责任认定规则的法经济学分析,表明过错推定责任规则更有效率地体现了立法原意。     

Factors Influencing use of Bicycle Helmets among Undergraduate Students

Abstract

Undergraduate bicyclists' attitudes toward using helmets were surveyed, using a 66-item questionnaire. The authors identified a series of factors that would increase the likelihood of students' using the protective devices and suggest interventions to be considered in developing programs to decrease morbidity and mortality in the bicycle-riding population.     

公共政策调整对完善公共政策制定的启示——基于G市亚运全民免费乘车政策调整的分析

G市亚运期间全民免费乘坐公共交通政策暴露出政策制定主体对政策客体理解有所偏差、对政策目标群体界定不全面、对政策后果预测不足、政策制定公众参与不够等缺陷;后来该项政策由全民直接免费乘车调整为以家庭为单位发放货币补贴,其调整过程中体现了政府实事求是、与时俱进、尊重民意、政策过程科学化的精神。避免政策目标的模糊性,提高政策制定的科学性,提高政策制定民主化水平,完善信息反馈及评估调整机制,政策制定过程中提高政府的公信力,是弥补这些缺陷的重要举措。     

国外城市交通治理的经验对A市的启示

城市交通拥堵这一社会问题越来越受到人们的关注,交通拥堵不仅给出行者带来种种不便,也给整个社会造成巨大的资源浪费。交通拥堵作为世界性的难题,国外发达国家很早就采取各种措施进行治理,其中有很多经验对于A市当前交通拥堵状况的缓解具有很强的启示作用。     

可持续发展与城市路网交通承载力关系探析

机动车数量的增加使城市路网面临越来越大的交通承载压力。把交通承载力作为交通可持续发展的上限,通过定量测算和定性分析的方法,以重庆市渝中区部分区域为例,提出路网交通承载力及其水平的计算流程,从而为路网交通承载力可持续发展的界定提供参考依据。     

黔南、黔东南少数民族音乐的文化生态及其改变

贵州相对封闭的自然环境,使得黔南、黔东南的少数民族音乐得以长期保持其原生态面貌.随着交通条件的改善,尤其是横贯黔南、黔东南的厦门到成都高速公路以及贵阳到广州高速铁路的开通,这里的少数民族音乐的文化生态的变动也会加剧,文化生态系统自身的稳定性和变异性令人关注,只有把握好稳定与变异的辩证关系,黔南、黔东南的少数民族音乐的历史文化价值才会得以永久保存下去.     

The Distribution of Risks: Vehicle Occupant Fatalities and Time of the Week

Automobile accident risks vary significantly across populations, places, and times. This study describes the time-varying pattern of societal risk. The relative risks of occupant fatality per person-mile of travel are estimated here for each hour of the week, using 1983 data. The results exhibit a strong time-of-day effect and have a highly skewed frequency distribution, implying wide variations in risk-taking behavior. Indeed, the 168 hourly estimates ranged from a low of 0.32 times the average around Sunday noon to a high of 43 times the average at 3:00 a.m. on Sunday, i.e., by a factor of 134 from bottom to top. Quantile-quantile plots or "Lorenz curves," introduced to display the unequal distribution of risks, show that approximately 34% of the vehicle occupant fatalities occur in hours representing only 5% of the travel. These findings have serious implications for risk analysis. First, when attempting to reconcile objective and subjective risk estimates, risk communicators should carefully control for when and to whom the risk in question is applicable. Second, comparisons of hazards on the basis of average risk are necessarily misleading for risks distributed so unevenly. Third, resource allocation decisions can benefit by knowing how incidence, exposure, and risk vary across time, place, and other relevant variables. Finally, certain cost-benefit analyses that use average values to estimate risk exposure can be misleading.     

从《十日谈》看中世纪西欧旅游的条件与环境

<十日谈>真实地反映出西欧当时的旅游条件与环境.当时旅游交通形式除了步行外,主要是利用畜力和自然力,具体说就是骑牲口或乘船旅游,旅游食宿条件比以前有很大的改进,有的地方甚至发展得比较成熟了,住宿主要有客栈、旅馆及接待大厦等.西欧的旅途环境具有很大风险性,各国对旅游采取了一些行之有效的管理办法.所以<十日谈>是一部难得的西欧旅游史一手资料.     

Organisational safety climate and occupational accidents and injuries: an epidemiology-based systematic review

It is widely accepted among practitioners and researchers that a good safety climate results in improved safety. However, there is a lack of systematic and detailed reviews summarising and evaluating the scientific evidence underpinning the relationship between safety climate and injuries and accidents in a company. The current research addresses this gap and studies the association of safety climate with accidents and injuries at work. Nine databases were searched for quantitative studies. After eligibility and quality selection, 17 peer-reviewed papers were analysed. Quality assessment was developed applying the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies (STROBE) guidelines, together with 9 appraisal criteria from Berra and colleagues (2008), Downs and Black (1998) and the appraisal tool from the University of Cardiff Weightman, Mann, Sander, & Turley, (2004). An evaluation summary statement was then constructed analysing the strength of the evidence provided by each study. Although 15 of the 17 studies included in this review provided full or partial support for the association of safety culture with accidents/injuries at work, scientific evidence is still unclear on the causal relationship between these two variables. Research is needed, especially longitudinal and intervention studies, to demonstrate in detail this association, which has been widely accepted in the area of occupational health and safety.     

The Role of Heavy Drinking in the Risk of Traffic Fatalities

Recent studies have identified a "hard core" of drinking drivers who do not fit a "social" drinker profile and may require medical intervention. This article builds on these studies by quantifying the role of heavy drinking in motor vehicle fatalities. Data on male alcohol-involved fatally-injured drivers (AIFIDs) were obtained from the U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for the years 1989–1990 (n = 8876). The AIFIDs were grouped into either a "heavy" or "light" drinking category based on drinking behaviors inferred from prior driving records and blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The majority of male AIFIDs were between the ages of 20–39 (70%). Sixty-five percent had a BAC of 150 mg/dl or greater, and 41% had a BAC in excess of 200 mg/dl. AIFIDs with high BACs were more likely to have histories of DUI convictions and license suspensions than AIFIDs with low BACs. According to the study's criteria, 73% percent of the AIFIDs could be classified as "heavy" drinkers. There were no driving variables that differentiated the heavy and light drinker groups, indicating that heavy drinking per se is the primary factor that distinguishes the groups. Male alcohol-involved fatally injured drivers are comprised mostly of heavy drinkers who may suffer from serious drinking problems or alcoholism. Successful interventions may require medical treatment as well as punitive criminal justice policies.