交通与运输概念及其系统辨析

鉴于交通与运输是交通运输领域内两个使用频率较高的词汇,实际使用时并未作严格区分。首先从基本概念和系统角度对交通与运输进行区分,而后讨论区分两者对道路运输发展的重要作用,分析认为,道路可以分为以发挥交通功能为主的交通型道路和以发挥运输功能为主的运输型道路,应该在确定道路类型的基础上进行道路建设和相关设施的配置,从而更好地发挥道路运输的功能。     

Dealing with the White Death: Avalanche Risk Management for Traffic Routes

This article discusses mitigation strategies to protect traffic routes from snow avalanches. Up to now, mitigation of snow avalanches on many roads and railways in the Alps has relied on avalanche sheds, which require large initial investments resulting in high opportunity costs. Therefore, avalanche risk managers have increasingly adopted organizational mitigation measures such as warning systems and closure policies instead. The effectiveness of these measures is, however, greatly dependent on human decisions. In this article, we present a method for optimizing avalanche mitigation for traffic routes in terms of both their risk reduction impact and their net benefit to society. First, we introduce a generic framework for assessing avalanche risk and for quantifying the impact of mitigation. This allows for sound cost-benefit comparisons between alternative mitigation strategies. Second, we illustrate the framework with a case study from Switzerland. Our findings suggest that site-specific characteristics of avalanche paths, as well as the economic importance of a traffic route, are decisive for the choice of optimal mitigation strategies. On routes endangered by few avalanche paths with frequent avalanche occurrences, structural measures are most efficient, whereas reliance on organizational mitigation is often the most appropriate strategy on routes endangered by many paths with infrequent or fuzzy avalanche risk. Finally, keeping a traffic route open may be very important for tourism or the transport industry. Hence, local economic value may promote the use of a hybrid strategy that combines organizational and structural measures to optimize the resource allocation of avalanche risk mitigation.     

“交通肇事逃逸”犯罪化与交通肇事罪共犯问题

对交通肇事逃逸行为到底该如何界定,能否将指使逃逸行为认定为是其他犯罪,如何解决交通肇事罪共犯等问题进行了探讨。     

Semiparametric Modeling of the Spatial Distribution of Occupational Accident Risk in the Casual Labor Market, Piracicaba, Southeast Brazil

The objective of this study was to estimate the spatial distribution of work accident risk in the informal work market in the urban zone of an industrialized city in southeast Brazil and to examine concomitant effects of age, gender, and type of occupation after controlling for spatial risk variation. The basic methodology adopted was that of a population-based case-control study with particular interest focused on the spatial location of work. Cases were all casual workers in the city suffering work accidents during a one-year period; controls were selected from the source population of casual laborers by systematic random sampling of urban homes. The spatial distribution of work accidents was estimated via a semiparametric generalized additive model with a nonparametric bidimensional spline of the geographical coordinates of cases and controls as the nonlinear spatial component, and including age, gender, and occupation as linear predictive variables in the parametric component. We analyzed 1,918 cases and 2,245 controls between 1/11/2003 and 31/10/2004 in Piracicaba, Brazil. Areas of significantly high and low accident risk were identified in relation to mean risk in the study region (p < 0.01). Work accident risk for informal workers varied significantly in the study area. Significant age, gender, and occupational group effects on accident risk were identified after correcting for this spatial variation. A good understanding of high-risk groups and high-risk regions underpins the formulation of hypotheses concerning accident causality and the development of effective public accident prevention policies.     

民航管制员“错、忘、漏”发生原因分析及对策

空中交通管制是国家交通运输事业的重要组成部分,是保障国家领空安全和航空事业发展的重要基础.空中交通管制的目的是防止航空器与航空器相撞,防止航空器与障碍物相撞,维持并加速空中交通的有秩序的活动.管制员的"错、忘、漏"可能直接导致飞行冲突,甚至带来更严重的后果.随着民航的飞速发展,航班量急剧增加,飞行密度加大,管制间隔缩小,管制员的"错、忘、漏"造成严重后果的风险越来越大.本文首先从人为因素的角度分析了"错、忘、漏"的特点和产生原因,结合民航工作实际,提出相应的应对措施,以及一些针对性的管理办法.     

对重庆高速公路交通事故法律纠纷的思考

近年来高速公路建设快速发展的同时,其交通事故法律纠纷也呈上升趋势。通过对重庆高速公路交通事故法律纠纷案例的类型和影响诉讼结果的关键点的分析,分别从服务水平、举证能力、部门合作等几个方面提出了高速公路管养部门在处理类似法律纠纷的应对策略和防范措施。     

试析交通近代化过程中的几类矛盾——以上海公共租界为中心的考察

中国近代的交通近代化进程充满着城乡冲突、公私冲突、新旧冲突、强弱冲突和华洋冲突，这几类冲突又往往交织在一起，呈现出错综复杂的局面，构成了近代中国复杂的城市景象。     

对等网络流量检测技术

对等网络(P2P)应用的飞速发展,丰富了互联网的内容,但其流量的爆发式增长和不加限制的带宽占用,不仅给互联网基础设施带来巨大冲击,也给Internet服务提供商(ISP)和应用服务提供商(ASP)的高级服务部署带来了很多问题。开展高效、准确的P2P流量实时识别与过滤相关技术研究,不仅有利于合理利用互联网基础设施、P2P技术和合理部署P2P应用,还有利于制止非法内容在P2P网络中的传播。该文通过对现有P2P流量识别算法进行深入研究和对比分析,为P2P流量有效管理和合理规范提供了技术参考。     

多交叉路口车流模拟软件的设计

以面向对象程序设计思想为基础，以包括多个交叉路口的主干道为对象，从车辆的随机产生、流向分布、排队跟驶及冲突检测等交通模型入手，模拟车辆的产生和行驶，最后给出软件设计思路和流程图。     

北京交通拥堵的症结分析

从城市道路网密度过稀、交通结构发展趋势与原规划目标相背离、忽视交通需求管理和城市功能结构与布局不合理四个方面,分析了北京交通拥堵的症结所在.