美元国际货币网络效应之基:石油美元体系评述

国际货币的网络效应是一国货币获得国际货币地位并得以维系的基础,网络效应从理论上解释了现行国际货币体系,但是当前网络效应产生的根本原因阐释仍然缺如。以石油美元为切入点,梳理石油美元体系形成的历史背景和过程,分析美国是如何通过对石油生产的控制,配合国内深度发达的金融市场,使得美元全面主导石油的计价权、定价权、交易媒介、结算货币、风险管理、富余资金投资等多个领域,从而形成了后布雷顿森林体系时期美元国际货币网络效应的基础; 进一步分析了石油美元体系潜在的脆弱性、近期涌现的石油贸易去美元化现象及其对人民币国际化的启示。研究认为,鉴于目前以石油美元体系等为基础所形成的网络效应,以美元为主导的现行国际金融体系在未来较长一段时间内仍将持续; 人民币国际化过程中应发展以人民币计价的原油期货等大宗商品衍生品市场,促进大宗商品计价、定价与贸易结算等人民币化,培育人民币使用的网络效应。     

城市公共自行车系统定价模式比较研究

面对城市交通拥堵的压力,国内外越来越多的城市建设了公共自行车系统.从公共定价角度,可以将中国公共自行车系统定价模式分为不收费的公共池塘资源模式、低收费的准公共物品模式和高收费的私人物品模式.本研究选取武汉、杭州、北京三座城市为典型案例代表,对其公共自行车定价模式进行分析.研究发现,不收费的公共池塘资源模式与高收费的私人物品模式都不适合中国公共自行车系统的运行.鉴于此,为了促进城市公共自行车系统的有效运行,政府应积极参与并给予适当的财政补贴与政策扶持,公共定价始终不能偏离公共性宗旨.     

考虑消费者策略行为的供应链两周期定价与契约设计

针对由一个制造商与一个零售商构成的供应链,考虑消费者的策略性跨期购买行为,构建了两周期动态博弈模型,分析了消费者策略性程度对两周期均衡结果、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响,比较了分散式与集中式决策的均衡偏差,设计了与消费者策略性程度相关的两周期收益共享契约与"两周期收益共享+转移支付"组合式契约。研究表明：分散式决策下,消费者策略性程度有利于增加消费者剩余和社会福利,但会对供应链成员不利;某些情形下,消费者策略性程度会使分散式与集中式决策的系统利润差值增大;当消费者策略性程度相对较低时,两周期收益共享契约不仅可实现供应链完美协调,还可增加消费者剩余和社会福利;当消费者策略性程度较高时,通过组合式契约可实现供应链完美协调,但此时消费者策略性程度的增强可能对消费者剩余和社会福利产生负面影响。     

参数暧昧环境下投资者决策与管制措施研究—基于随机禀赋与风险资产之间相关系数暧昧性的视角

假定全融市场中简单投资者具有暧昧厌恶偏好,在期末获得 1个单位随机禀赋（非全融资产收益）,而当前时刻他们对随机禀赋与风险资产未来收益之间的相关系数存在暧昧性,考察这种暧昧性对资产定价和社会福利的影响．研究表明相关系数暧昧性将导致投资者有限参与和资产定价扭曲．如果随机禀赋与凤险资产负相关,且凤险资产权益溢价为正,则简单投资者的超额收益为正,如果不相关,或者凤险资产权益溢价为零,则简单投资者无法获得超额收益,其它情况下简单投资者的超额收益为负．为缓解参数暧昧性,提高投资者参与市场的积极性,市场管理者可能实施提高复杂投资者的准入门槛、增强信息披露等管制措施．进一步研究发现,提高复杂投资者的准入门槛将减少其投资者占比,降低社会福利水平,而加强信息披露,提高市场透明度的措施可以提高社会福利水平．     

Statistical analysis of the usage of a computer system

This paper is concerned with an empirical investigation of a common and important type of computer system and usage in business applications, viz., querying, updating and modifying a large database. Specifically, it describes the analysis of data collected from such an application and addresses two issues. Firstly, it assesses the applicability of statistical assumptions that underlie certain widely-used queueing theory models for computer systems usage. Secondly, it investigates measures of usage, as well as relationships among them, that may serve as appropriate bases for a pricing scheme for usage of computer systems of the type considered here.     

The impact of labor unionization on monitoring costs

This paper analyzes the impact of labor unionization on monitoring costs. Our findings show that monitoring costs are significantly higher for unionized firms. We demonstrate that the more complex, industrial relations structures that characterize unionized firms increase monitoring risks and corporate costs. We further show that monitoring agents consider political ideology supportive to labor unions as a parameter that enhances relevant costs. Additionally, we demonstrate that monitoring costs are lower in the presence of employee share ownership. We conclude that labor unionization increases the costs of monitoring agents, a burden which is amplified or mitigated depending on the structure of industrial relations.     

基于旧件质量和“以旧换再”补贴的分级定价研究

以旧换再补贴政策已经在我国试点施行，相关原型新品和再制品的市场购买行为和企业定价决策受此影响。根据传统销售和售后渠道以及消费者持有旧件质量的不同细分市场，考虑到消费者的"以旧换再"偏好程度构建了制造商分级定价利润模型并分段优化，得到了"以旧换再"补贴下的最优分级定价决策，面向企业给出了旧件分级再制造的成本条件，面向政府给出了授予企业产品补贴资格的参考依据。考虑到再制造领先企业和一般企业再制造条件的不同，采用算例分析展示了补贴对领先企业及一般企业再制造分级定价决策的影响，并分析了消费者"以旧换再"偏好程度的变化对企业分级再制造决策的影响。结果表明，分级定价可以提高再制造系统的整体利润；换购补贴对促进再制造领先企业与一般企业再制造体系发展的积极作用不同，政府应根据产业及企业特点结合其他举措选择实施补贴的时机和补贴比例。     

基于行列合成的实值二维Root-MUSIC算法

在低仰角及多径环境下,常规二维波达方向估计的高分辨方法需要特征值分解或者多维搜索,运算量巨大,文中提出了一种基于行列合成处理和实值二维Root-MUSIC测角的双迭代方法.该方法由某个初始二维角度出发,首先进行行列合成,将面阵接收的数据矩阵合成为行列矢量,然后用实值Root-MUSIC分别估计俯仰角和方位角,最后由更新的二维角度重构加权向量,对阵列数据进行行列合成并重新估计二维角度,其迭代直至得到的二维角度满足给定的精度.该方法操作简单、收敛速度快,由于引入了实值域处理,在对多径信号解相关的同时进一步降低了运算量.计算机仿真结果证实了该方法估计低仰角信号的二维波达方向的正确有效性.     

Design considerations for stratified finite populations using the linear least-squares prediction approach

This paper presents results concerning the implementation of two estimators for the total of a finite populations each of which is optimal under either and additive are purely interaction model. Assumptions under which the estimators are derived, some mathematical properties of the estimators, and tables which compare the estimators and give optimal allocation rules as a function of relevant parameters are given.     

Profitability of Service‐Level‐Based Price Differentiation with Inventory Rationing

In this paper, we study the profitability of service‐level‐based price differentiation (SLBPD) in an inventory‐rationing context. SLBPD implies that a company offers several combinations of prices and guaranteed service levels, from which customers self‐select; different customers choose different offerings because they incur different shortage costs if an order is not fulfilled immediately. We develop an analytical model for SLBPD and explore if and when such a service differentiation strategy yields higher profits than a single undifferentiated offering. The results of our analyses suggest that SLBPD is profitable only if a company faces pricing restrictions, e.g., because of competitive pressure or regulatory restrictions. We develop necessary and sufficient conditions under which a specific and relevant form of SLBPD (called “service‐level‐based upselling”) is profitable, and provide an algorithm to compute the optimal parameters of such a policy. Based on this algorithm we carry out numerical analyses that allow us to characterize the profit increment of service‐level‐based upselling. We derive managerial insights into the attractiveness of SLBPD and explain how our basic analytical framework can be extended to account for more complex practical features.