战略性转移定价承诺策略下的供应商选择柔性研究

在上游供应商的战略性转移定价承诺策略与下游制造商投资创新决策之间存在着交互作用,笔者将静态环境下的这种交互作用与不同柔性层次下的动态供应网络架构相结合,以供应链路径柔性为切入点,基于承诺的交货提前期、投资创新、产量与供应链收益等供应链绩效维度来探讨战略性转移定价承诺策略下的供应链合作模式相关话题。考虑到AM_j在不同CS_#em/em#之间进行选择的柔性化特征,笔者至少得到如下三个方面的结论:首先,供应网络架构柔性是供应链整体及其各节点企业获取绩效改善的重要途径,与没有柔性相比,完全柔性和部分柔性情形下的供应链绩效均能得到明显改善,而其中又以完全柔性优势最为突出;其次,虽然部分柔性是供应网络架构中较为可行的柔性层次选择,但是,其与完全柔性一样,容易产生供应网络资源的供给与需求失衡现象;第三,不确定性情境下的一体化决策与确定性情境下的转移定价承诺决策对供应链利润绩效所产生的影响取决于供应网络柔性层次以及供应网络节点企业各自的能力特点,进而对供应链整体及其各节点的合作模式和行为取向起着主导作用。     

考虑零售商失望规避与欣喜寻求的定价与订货联合决策

现实中,零售商在定价与订货联合决策中往往会关注实际收益与预期收益的差异,并表现出失望规避与欣喜寻求行为,而针对考虑零售商失望规避与欣喜寻求行为的定价与订货联合决策问题的研究成果还不多见。在本文中,首先依据失望理论刻画了基于零售商预期收益的失望-欣喜效用函数,并在此基础上构建了考虑零售商失望-欣喜效用的定价与订货联合决策效用函数;然后,通过分析确定了使期望效用最大化的最优零售价格与最优订货量;进一步地,通过数值实验分析了零售商不同的预期收益、失望规避程度与欣喜寻求程度对其最优零售价格与最优订货量的影响。研究结果表明,零售商不同的预期收益以及失望规避程度与欣喜寻求程度均能够影响定价与订货联合决策结果,且针对具有不同预期收益的零售商,其失望规避程度与欣喜寻求程度对其最优决策结果的影响不同。     

高速公路大件运输收费定价及其监管

在梳理现有中国高速公路大件运输计重收费文献的基础上,根据目前高速公路大件运输尚缺乏规范合理收费机制的现状,结合实例,对高速公路大件运输收费存在的问题进行深入解剖。结合当前政府对高速公路收费的监管框架,提出了构建高速公路大件运输收费的思路,建立正常收费标准模式和超载超限加收模式,以保证高速公路大件运输的正常运营,并提出政府进行有效监管的对策。     

An Improvement of Poisson Approximation for Sums of Dependent Bernoulli Random Variables

This article uses the Stein-Chen method to obtain new non uniform bounds on the error of the cumulative distribution function of sums of dependent Bernoulli random variables and the Poisson cumulative distribution function. The bounds obtained in the present study are sharper than those reported in Teerapabolarn and Neammanee (2006 Teerapabolarn, K., Neammanee, K. (2006). Poisson approximation for sums of dependent Bernoulli random variables. Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyiregyhaziensis. 22:87–99. [Google Scholar]). Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the obtained results.     

限制性定价策略中在位厂商的最优产量选择

Milgrom-Roberts模型及相关研究证明了不完全信息条件下限制性定价策略均衡的存在,但对存在的具体形式却没有说明。本文通过对Milgrom-Roberts限制性定价模型的进一步研究,指出不完全信息条件下不同成本类型的在位厂商阻止潜在竞争厂商进入的策略均衡可以在一个产量区间内存在;并且由于利润最大化原则,实际上形成在位厂商生产最优产量即阻止进入的均衡产量区间内的利润最大化产量、潜在竞争厂商不进入的唯一策略均衡结果。由于潜在的进入威胁,在位厂商要想成功实施限制性定价策略,其最优产量只能大于或等于垄断产量,而利润只能小于或等于垄断利润。     

中国商品挂钩债券定价设计研究

针对中国企业债券融资违约频发、政府担保风险累积、品种单一及政策约束不当等问题,探讨中国商品挂钩债券设计、定价与仿真的理论、方法及应用。与普通债券不同,围绕商品挂钩债券样本设计、价值确定、信息集成、仿真平台等问题,明确了中国商品挂钩债券定价的设计思路与实施步骤。结论为：第一,应从完全市场下多因素一般定价模型出发,推演考虑随机便利收益引致的不完全市场商品挂钩债券的价值方程;第二,应提出多变量间内在关系命题,并采用数据模拟将多维数值空间实施分组降维;第三,应在约束条件中考虑对不同商品价格的路径选择,模拟真实环境下商品挂钩债券的设计和定价。     

Coordinating a Supply Chain System with Retailers Under Both Price and Inventory Competition

We investigate a supply chain system with a common supplier selling to downstream retailers who are engaged in both price and inventory competition. We establish the existence and uniqueness of the pure‐strategy Nash equilibrium for the retailer game and study how a supplier can coordinate the system to achieve the best performance. Our main conclusions are as follows: First, a buyback contract can be used to coordinate retailers competing on both price and inventory in a sense that optimal retail prices and inventory levels arise as the Pareto‐dominant equilibrium. With symmetric retailers, the system optimum arises as the unique symmetric equilibrium. Second, the particular type of competition experienced by retailers (price versus inventory competition) affects the characteristics of the contract. Specifically, strong price competition leads to a coordination mechanism with a positive buyback rate, where the supplier subsidizes retailers for leftover inventories; however, strong inventory competition leads to a negative buyback rate, where retailers are punished for overstocking. Using a linear expected demand function, we further explore the impact of system parameters on the coordination contract and the competitive equilibrium. We also find that the performance of the supplier's optimal contract is asymptotic to the system optimal coordination contract as competition becomes fierce.     

Product Portfolio Strategies: The Case of Multifunction Products

Motivated by the proliferation of multifunction products, we investigate product portfolio decisions of a single firm by analyzing the impact of three major factors. First, because multifunction products provide complete or partial functionalities of single‐function products, we incorporate substitution or cannibalization effects between the potential products. Second, we explicitly model the variable costs of manufacturing the single‐function and multifunction products. Third, we examine the firm's pricing decisions because of their impact on the degree of cannibalization between the multifunction product and one or more single‐function products. Using an economic model, we first characterize the firm's optimal product portfolio (through a quantity‐based decision), which in turn determines the market equilibrium prices for each product in its portfolio. Some of the unique insights stemming from our analysis are: (a) the optimal product portfolio choice is driven primarily by maximum profit margins for the single‐function products weighted by the demand substitution effects; and (b) from a product design perspective, the complete functionality of the base single‐function product is always included in the optimal product offering, but this is not necessarily the case with the complete functionality of the nonbase single‐function product.     

基于分期投入的风险投资多态期望值定价方法

为了克服传统风险投资定价方法存在的计算困难、视风险投资为一次性投资,以及对风险企业的发展前景假设单一等不足,本文提出了基于分期投入的风险投资多态期望值定价方法.该方法通过时间因素的引入,来反映风险投资家分期投入的特征;通过风险企业发展结局的可能状态集的引入以及相应的概率赋值,来反映风险企业发展的多态特征;通过期望值计算方法的引入,来反映风险企业发展多态下的集中趋势.案例分析表明,该方法能够更为科学、合理地对风险投资进行定价.     

On the functional relationship between entropy and variance with related applications

The functional relationship between entropy and variance is investigated for some well-known distributions. The distributions considered here are the reparameterized versions of the original forms. Such a reparameterization is necessary as in each case we have a common variance. The related graphs of entropy as a function of variance are used for certain comparisons. Further, within the class of distributions having a common variance, a measure of affinity between these distributions is proposed using entropy. A few aspects of the sampling distributions of an estimator of entropy, when the samples are either from the normal or from the exponential distributions, are discussed with a view to possible applications in the testing of hypotheses for related parameters