典型特点与变异特点--域内闽语与周边闽语之语音比较

研究闽语的语音特点,有必要区分典型特点与变异特点,这样有助于更好地把握闽语的源和流,体现闽语的综合特征和下位特征.以往的研究,较多关注域内闽语的特点,对周边闽语的变异特点注意不够;而周边闽语的语音变异,又有内外因素在起作用.闽语的比较研究要达到一个理想的境地,周边闽语的语料显然是不能忽视的.     

百年中国报告文学语言体式的趋态、特征与基调

作为凸显体裁的语言要素,中国报告文学的语言体式于百年发展中,呈现出由早期的外指性叙述语体走向外指性叙述语体与内指性叙述语体及其它形式语体相兼容的语域变异之总体趋态。它还显现出开放性与不确定性特征,以及以写实、简洁、谨严为基点,辅以雄浑、悲壮和明朗、绚丽两种添色的语体基调。     

长效钙离子拮抗剂对动态血压季节性变异的研究

目的探讨苯磺酸氨氯地平片对动态血压季节性变异的影响。方法 96名轻中度原发性高血压患者随机分为3组,即非洛地平缓释片组（F组）、硝苯地平控释片（X组）和苯磺酸氨氯地平片（A组）,每组32例患者,所有患者用安慰剂洗脱2周后分别给予非洛地平缓释片5mg/d、硝苯地平控释片30mg/d和苯磺酸氨氯地平片5mg/d治疗,1月后血压未达标加用贝那普利片10mg/d。所有患者均于冬季和夏季分别行24小时动态血压监测,观察血压晨峰（MBPS）和冬夏两季血压达标率变化。结果无论24小时、日间还是夜间,冬季A组血压达标率（78.1%,78.1%,75.0%）均明显高于F组（62.5%,65.6%,56.3%）和X组（65.6%,68.8%,65.6%）（均P〈0.01）。冬季A组MBPS（33.7±9.7mmHg）显著低于F组（38.0±11.4mmHg,P〈0.01）和X组（36.9±10.9mmHg,P〈0.05）。结论与非洛地平缓释片和硝苯地平控释片比较,苯磺酸氨氯地平片降低血压季节性变异更明显,冬季24小时动态血压达标率更高。     

Uncertainty and Variability Analysis in Multiplicative Risk Models

Currently, there is a trend away from the use of single (often conservative) estimates of risk to summarize the results of risk analyses in favor of stochastic methods which provide a more complete characterization of risk. The use of such stochastic methods leads to a distribution of possible values of risk, taking into account both uncertainty and variability in all of the factors affecting risk. In this article, we propose a general framework for the analysis of uncertainty and variability for use in the commonly encountered case of multiplicative risk models, in which risk may be expressed as a product of two or more risk factors. Our analytical methods facilitate the evaluation of overall uncertainty and variability in risk assessment, as well as the contributions of individual risk factors to both uncertainty and variability which is cumbersome using Monte Carlo methods. The use of these methods is illustrated in the analysis of potential cancer risks due to the ingestion of radon in drinking water.     

通用领域流行的方言词的语义功能变异——从地域方言词“大佬”谈起

针对方言词进入通用领域的语言现象,从地域方言词的个案入手,采用调查、统计等方法,考察方言词在通用领域流行的变异情况,证明通用领域中方言词的变异主要表现在语义和功能上。其中语义变异是基础,往往引起功能变异,并在结构、表达、风格等方面表现出来。方言词流行的根本动因是语义功能变化,内涵语义紧缩、外延语义使用域扩大、用法灵活化、表达新颖化。     

《土族格赛尔》文本语句的程式化运用

本文将德国学者施劳德先生根据语音记录、经李克郁先生翻译的土族史诗《土族格赛尔》作为分析文本,对其进行语言层面的剖析,试图找出存在于史诗中的程式语言运用。     

Benchmark Dose Estimation Incorporating Multiple Data Sources

With the increased availability of toxicological hazard information arising from multiple experimental sources, risk assessors are often confronted with the challenge of synthesizing all available scientific information into an analysis. This analysis is further complicated because significant between-source heterogeneity/lab-to-lab variability is often evident. We estimate benchmark doses using hierarchical models to account for the observed heterogeneity. These models are used to construct source-specific and population-average estimates of the benchmark dose (BMD). This is illustrated with an analysis of the U.S. EPA Region IX's reference toxicity database on the effects of sodium chloride on reproduction in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results show that such models may effectively account for the lab-source heterogeneity while producing BMD estimates that more truly reflect the variability of the system under study. Failing to account for such heterogeneity may result in estimates having confidence intervals that are overly narrow.     

近代四川城市水源结构的空间差异性研究

基于清末民国旧方志、新中国建国后编修的新方志、东亚同文书院的饮水调查以及民国档案中的饮水统计,对近代四川123个城市的水源结构作了复原。以“四川”或“地貌区”为空间级考量,近代四川城市水源结构皆存在明显的空间差异。以井水为主的城市集中在川西平原与川中丘陵北部,以河水为主的城市集中在川东平行岭谷与盆周边缘山地,以溪泉为主的城市散布在盆周边缘山地、川西南山地与川西北高原。地理环境与取用便捷性是影响近代四川城市水源结构的主要因素,涵括“地下水位高低与凿井难易度”“城市是否濒临江河”“城市濒临江河干流或支流的差异”三个方面的影响因子。     

Analysis of local influence in geostatistics using Student's t-distribution

This article aims to estimate parameters of spatial variability with Student's t-distribution by the EM algorithm and present the study of local influence by means of two methods known as likelihood displacement and Q-displacement of likelihood, both using Student's t-distribution with fixed degrees of freedom (ν). The results showed that both methods are effective in the identification of influential points.     

Measuring Gross Flows in the Labor Force: An Overview of a Special Conference

The measurement of flows in the American labor market has challenged researchers for years. Several problems, including response variability, rotation group bias, and matching errors, hinder accurate measurement of the flows. The Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics jointly sponsored a conference to examine these problems, present current research on solutions to the problems, and submit recommendations for improving the data. Recommendations include procedural changes in the Current Population Survey as well as new estimation techniques.