季节性需求下受资源限制及缺货之存货模型

目前,没有任何研究同时对季节性需求、允许缺货及受资源限制之存货管理问题加以探讨.所以,此研究使用整数规划之方法来求解此一存货管理问题,使用此方法所建立的模型不仅容易应用于现实生活之中.除此之外,决策者也可轻易地将限制式加入模型之内以符合其实际情况.最后,使用范例以说明如何实际应用此模型.     

航空公司收入管理价格与舱位控制的统一分析

收入管理对于改善民航企业的经济效益、增强民航企业的竞争能力具有重大意义. 文章 运用随机过程理论和最大凹向包络原理,探讨航空公司客运收入管理研究中动态价格与舱位 控制的统一分析模型,即在任意订票时刻,决定航班的哪些舱位该开放,以什么价格开放,从而 实现单个航班的收入最大化. 文章指出,航空公司可通过三阶段方法来获取最优的动态价格与 舱位控制策略,即确定最优价格集、开放舱位数及最优价格. 最后给出了实例分析.     

The validity of the occupational stress indicator

This paper investigates the validity of four subscales of the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI). Data derived from a sample of British managers are used to generate a multitrait-multimethod matrix. The results obtained suggest that three of the four OSI sales (job satisfaction, mental health, type A behaviour) show acceptable validity. The fourth scale (locus of control) needs further development. Further analysis, using multiple regression procedures, was conducted to explore the validity of the theoretical ideas underlying the OSI. The results reveal that both sources of pressure at work and type A behaviour are linked to mental health and job satisfaction.     

供应商管理库存环境下的合作合约

为了克服信息扭曲和牛鞭效应,许多企业采用了供应商管理库存。由于利益和激励机制的冲突：一方面,销售商为了提高服务水平,希望供应商在仓库中多存货;另一方面,由于库存剩余的风险,供应商不愿在仓库中多存货,供应商管理库存环境下,双边际效应同样存在。本文在需求是随机时研究供应商管理库存的协调与合作问题,提出几个使供应链达到合作的合约。     

What Do We Learn from Emissions Reporting? Analytical Considerations and Comparison of Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers in the United States,Canada, England,and Australia

Pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs) are becoming a popular measure for addressing industrial pollution in many countries. PRTRs require reporting of emissions from specific industrial sectors and making the information publicly available. This article suggests a framework for comparing PRTRs in order to determine whether they attain their declared goals and which factors, if any, influence their effectiveness. The challenges to such a comparison can be divided into three groups. The first refers to changes that are directly linked to the characteristics of PRTRs: both the changes within a specific system over time and variations among different systems. The second refers to parameters that affect the outcomes of the systems without being directly a part of them. The third involves the relations between the emissions reported to the PRTRs and the associated environmental risk. We suggest an approach that relies on relative comparison, commensurate with the unique characteristics of each PRTR, that compares their actual outcomes. Such an approach is necessary both due to significant variations among current PRTRs as well as for following the unique policy objectives that are manifested in different PRTRs. Application of this comparative approach in the United States, England, Canada, and Australia demonstrates significant differences in PRTR systems across countries and suggests that the mere presence of a PRTR may not lead to reduced industrial emissions. The analysis also demonstrates that emission reductions do not correlate with reductions in risk-related measures. The article proposes several simple modifications to the composition of current PRTR databases that may facilitate more accurate analysis of results and effective oversight of implementation.     

The Impact of Switching Costs on the Outsourcing of Knowledge‐Intensive Business Processes

This study examines the impact of switching costs on vendor selection and contract efficiency in the outsourcing of knowledge‐intensive business services (KIBS). We show that under most plausible scenarios in KIBS outsourcing, there is an intrinsic tension between vendor selection and contract efficiency: in the process in which the winning vendor's bid constitutes the terms of the contract between client and vendor (e.g., competitive bidding), there is good selection but contract inefficiency (positive information rent paid by the client). If, by contrast, the client establishes the contract terms, then its performance yields contract efficiency but poor selection. We also highlight the implications of performance metrics for contract design in KIBS outsourcing.     

绿色制造模式下供应商选择的模糊层次分析

为了对绿色制造模式下的供应商进行系统、科学的评价和选择,构建了由质量、速度、价格、服务和声誉5个一级指标及产品合格率等19个二级指标组成的评价指标体系,运用模糊层次分析法建立评价模型。对供应商选择进行了实证分析评价,通过筛选比较发现,最高值即为最优供应商。分析结果表明：模糊层次分析法对于绿色制造模式下供应商选择有较好的适用性。     

美国医疗保障体制改革评析

美国是世界上实行市场主导型医疗保障体制国家的典型代表,其医疗保障体制具有市场化、分散性、复杂性和混合性等特点,但同时面临着医疗费用急剧上涨、效率相对低下和公平性不足等问题。为解决这些问题,美国医疗保障体制处于不断改革之中。本文首先分析了美国医疗保障体制面临的问题,然后重点介绍20世纪90年代克林顿政府的医疗改革方案和21世纪初小布什政府的医疗改革思路,最后对这些改革方案进行评析。     

易变质商品库存理论研究综述

在相关资料的基础上,对易变质商品的库存理论中库存补充策略、生产-库存模型、供应链库存以及多种商品库存模型等问题的研究进行了综述,分析了这些研究的特点与不足,提出了易变质商品库存理论研究的方向与重点。     

Dual Sourcing Inventory Systems: On Optimal Policies and the Value of Costless Returns

We study dual sourcing inventory systems with backordering and with stationary, stochastic demands. The two supply sources differ in their unit prices and lead times. We focus on the option of making costless returns to the cheaper, longer leadtime supplier. We show that the value of this option is zero. Our analysis leading to this result includes the derivation of several structural properties of the optimal policies for dual sourcing systems with and without the return option.