请求策略理论研究简

“请求”属于一种常见的言语行为,而“请求策略”是语用学相对集中的研究领域,但是理论上的阐释往往不足。因此,本研究选择请求策略的相关理论为研究对象,在介绍请求定义及组成的基础上,论述了交际能力与语用能力、语言语用能力与社交语用能力、言语行为理论、面子理论、礼貌理论等内容,并且进一步探讨了相关理论在请求策略研究上的应用。     

论全球治理中和谐世界的构建

中国提出的“和谐世界”的构想,不仅是中国国内政策的延续,也符合世界发展潮流,与当今世界流行的“全球治理”观念不谋而合。在全球治理中可以实现和谐世界的构建,因为全球治理从全球观念和价值层面上反映了对和谐世界的追求;在全球治理所倡导的共存、共治、共荣中能够实现国际行为体之间的关系和谐;全球治理在解决全球性问题的目标中可以实现人与自然的和谐。中国就是要努力推动“和谐世界”的构想在全球治理的进程中变成现实,使中国真正成为“负责任的大国”。     

广州大型零售企业发展滞后的成因及其治理思路

与上海、北京、深圳相比,广州一直没有酝酿出像上海百联、北京国美、深圳华润万家这样的全国性零售龙头企业。本文结合国际零售企业的发展脉络,在对零售企业发展的影响因素及其驱动力机行进行理论分析的基础上,从企业战略构建能力和外部环境因素两大角度探讨制约广州本土零售巨头诞生的成因。论文认为,广州本土零售企业要做强做大必须重新进行定位、创新经营模式,强化资本运作,加强高端人才的培养和引进;同时,还应该深化业态创新、实施差异化经营,寻找适合自己的发展道路。     

Disaster Relief as Social Action: A Weberian Look at Postdisaster Donation Behavior

Disaster relief involves a broad range of participants, which often results in a disjunction between actual disaster needs and the perception of appropriate strategies in relief provision. This research examines data collected through interviews with donation drive operators responding to Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and the May 2013 Oklahoma tornadoes. Using Weber's ideal types of social action to understand motivations for engaging in disaster relief, this article argues that motivations for participating in and organizing such drives influence donation strategies, and these motivations can be used to explain persistent donation of nonuseful materiel items. Findings indicate several different motivations for involvement and that donation type appeared linked to motivation. We suggest that motivation for engaging in social action is a valuable approach to better understanding donation behavior and, consequently, addressing the social problem of materiel convergence in the postdisaster environment.     

Complexity and Competition

Extensive‐form market games typically have a large number of noncompetitive equilibria. In this paper, we argue that the complexity of noncompetitive behavior provides a justification for competitive equilibrium in the sense that if rational agents have an aversion to complexity (at the margin), then maximizing behavior will result in simple behavioral rules and hence in a competitive outcome. For this purpose, we use a class of extensive‐form dynamic matching and bargaining games with a finite number of agents. In particular, we consider markets with heterogeneous buyers and sellers and deterministic, exogenous, sequential matching rules, although the results can be extended to other matching processes. If the complexity costs of implementing strategies enter players’ preferences lexicographically with the standard payoff, then every equilibrium strategy profile induces a competitive outcome.     

Does Iconicity in Pictographs Matter? The Influence of Iconicity and Numeracy on Information Processing,Decision Making,and Liking in an Eye‐Tracking Study

Researchers recommend the use of pictographs in medical risk communication to improve people's risk comprehension and decision making. However, it is not yet clear whether the iconicity used in pictographs to convey risk information influences individuals’ information processing and comprehension. In an eye‐tracking experiment with participants from the general population (N = 188), we examined whether specific types of pictograph icons influence the processing strategy viewers use to extract numerical information. In addition, we examined the effect of iconicity and numeracy on probability estimation, recall, and icon liking. This experiment used a 2 (iconicity: blocks vs. restroom icons) × 2 (scenario: medical vs. nonmedical) between‐subject design. Numeracy had a significant effect on information processing strategy, but we found no effect of iconicity or scenario. Results indicated that both icon types enabled high and low numerates to use their default way of processing and extracting the gist of the message from the pictorial risk communication format: high numerates counted icons, whereas low numerates used large‐area processing. There was no effect of iconicity in the probability estimation. However, people who saw restroom icons had a higher probability of correctly recalling the exact risk level. Iconicity had no effect on icon liking. Although the effects are small, our findings suggest that person‐like restroom icons in pictographs seem to have some advantages for risk communication. Specifically, in nonpersonalized prevention brochures, person‐like restroom icons may maintain reader motivation for processing the risk information.     

基于进化博弈的专利联盟形成研究

专利联盟作为高新技术产业发展的主导范式,对技术标准的建立有重要的作用。但是多数情况下提高社会福利的联盟却难以形成,这就是所谓专利联盟的形成困境问题。从专利权人的有限理性和重复博弈角度分析专利联盟的形成,分别建立对称和非对称专利联盟形成的进化博弈模型,得到不同条件下的进化稳定策略,并探讨影响联盟形成的条件和因素。研究结果表明,专利联盟更容易在弹性高、竞争激烈的市场环境中形成;与事实标准建立以后相比,在事前组建的专利联盟形成可能性更大;通过多方途径保护和提高加入联盟的专利权人的利润,同时抑制阻碍联盟的专利权人的利润,是促进联盟形成的关键;与专业R&D企业相比,纵向一体化企业有更强的动机加入联盟。健全和完善相关法规及配套服务对联盟形成也是有益的。     

运力受扰的多车场车辆调度干扰管理问题研究

为解决物流配送系统中因运输车辆毁坏而产生的干扰问题,基于干扰管理思想提出了解决问题的扰动恢复策略与实施方案。在扰动度量的基础上,设计了多车场车辆调度扰动恢复策略,建立相应的干扰管理模型。针对多车场车辆调度干扰管理问题的特有属性,设计了一系列求解简化策略,有效简化了问题的求解空间。结合干扰管理模型的特点,使用改进的遗传算法进行求解。最后给出了一个算例,其结果证明了干扰管理模型与算法的有效性。     

Use of Redundant Industrial Buildings as Injections into the Cultural Sector in Norway

Prime aim is to examine the way the culture sector reuses industrial buildings to instigate cultural activities in the municipalities. The discussion of various actors’ motivation for engagement is based on results from a case study, supplemented with findings from a coarse-meshed telephone survey. At national level overarching political guidelines can be traced back to white papers concerning cultural policy, urban transformation and cultural heritage, and the municipalities’ cultural policies mirror these guidelines. What tends to decide if such initiatives are considered successful are local abilities to cross sectorial divisions and instigate cooperation between municipal planners, private entrepreneurs and NGOs.     

An empirical assessment of the operational performance through internal benchmarking: a case of a global logistics firm

This article solves an operational performance measurement problem of a global logistics firm through an internal benchmarking tool. The intended impact is to enable logistics firms to form a deeper understanding of their own internal processes and metrics. The methodology of this in-depth action research involves a sequential approach with a series of interviews, questionnaire-based surveys, operations data collated through observations and process mapping yielding real-world data. A series of statistical tests are conducted to analyse the collated data. Strategic priorities of the firm are integrated with the firm’s operational performance to ascertain the effective performance by considering both the tangible and intangible measures. The outcomes inform both practitioners and academics how the firm could improve its freight forwarding business’s profitability by ensuring that its operations meet the prioritised criteria. The ‘best practice’ derived from internal benchmarking forms an intermediate step towards external benchmarking. The outcomes facilitate investigating the current business strategy, the standard operating procedures and the scope of improving those.