Development and validation of biomarker classifiers for treatment selection

Many syndromes traditionally viewed as individual diseases are heterogeneous in molecular pathogenesis and treatment responsiveness. This often leads to the conduct of large clinical trials to identify small average treatment benefits for heterogeneous groups of patients. Drugs that demonstrate effectiveness in such trials may subsequently be used broadly, resulting in ineffective treatment of many patients. New genomic and proteomic technologies provide powerful tools for the selection of patients likely to benefit from a therapeutic without unacceptable adverse events. In spite of the large literature on developing predictive biomarkers, there is considerable confusion about the development and validation of biomarker-based diagnostic classifiers for treatment selection. In this paper we attempt to clarify some of these issues and to provide guidance on the design of clinical trials for evaluating the clinical utility and robustness of pharmacogenomic classifiers.     

DNA Screening, Pooling Design and Simplicial Complex

Pooling designs are used for DNA library screening. In this paper, we present a construction of pooling design with simplicial complex and establish some general results on the construction.     

科学证据DNA检验及其结论之研究

由于国内DNA鉴定在刑事司法领域内的迅速普遍应用,基于采集鉴定材料法律正当程序、DNA鉴定结论的审查和判断的内在规律要求,本文对DNA鉴定原理和特征、鉴定样本的采集与法律规范、DNA鉴定结论证明力和证据能力三个方面进行了论述,从确保DNA鉴定的科学性和正当程序原则出发建议完善刑事诉讼法的相关规定,立法制定<刑事案件DNA检验条例>,在DNA实验室系统建立专门的质量控制和质量保证标准体系.     

Mobile lives,immutable facts: family reunification of children in Finland

The right to family has been confirmed by myriad human rights covenants and it forms an acknowledged part of migration policies. Yet family reunification has become an increasingly contested issue, something reflected in a recent restrictive turn in migration policies throughout Europe. Policy reforms speak of a growing polarity between, on the one hand, adherence to the ‘best interest of the child’ and family life, and on the other, suspicion of fraud. This article examines these tensions via exploration of family reunification procedures in Finland, particularly applications sponsored by minors, thereby drawing attention to the notion of ‘the anchor child’. Drawing on decisions by the Administrative Court of Helsinki as well as interviews with experts and the people concerned, the writers discuss how these polarities are managed in practice, centring their analysis on a quest for truth that deploys various methods, particularly DNA analysis and oral hearings. Ultimately the article highlights an intrinsic paradox in family reunification policies that incorporates the aspiration to produce facts amounting to ‘immutable mobiles’ (Latour, Bruno. 1986. ‘Visualization and cognition: Thinking with the eyes and hands.’ Knowledge and Society 6 (6): 1–40.) and the evident weight of contingent temporalities.     

Probabilistic Expert Systems for Forensic Inference from Genetic Markers

We present a number of real and fictitious examples in illustration of a new approach to analysing complex cases of forensic identification inference. This is effected by careful restructuring of the relevant pedigrees as a Probabilistic Expert System. Existing software can then be used to perform the required inferential calculations. Specific complications which are readily handled by this approach include missing data on one or more relevant individuals, and genetic mutation. The method is particularly valuable for disputed paternity cases, but applies also to certain criminal cases.     

基于Windows DNA技术的网络财务系统的实现

随着经济和技术的发展,财务系统网络化已在为一种必然趋势。在对Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ分布 式互联网应用框架技术深入分析的基础上,提出了一种实现企业信息集成的网络财务系统框型,结合组件对象模型（ＣＯＭ）组件技术,讨论具有动态浏览特点的网络财务系统的编码方法。     

Efficient Algorithms for Local Alignment Search

We present efficient algorithms for local alignment search in biological sequences. These algorithms identify maximal segment pairs (MSPs). Our algorithms have the potential of performing better than BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) and also are efficiently parallelizable. We employ Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). Though several attempts have been made in the past to employ FFTs in sequence analysis, they fail to capture local similarities. Our algorithms employ FFTs in a novel way to identify local similarities. FFT-based techniques have the attractive feature of benefiting from ultrafast special purpose hardware available for digital signal processing.     

DNA分子水平的遗传多态性研究进展

随着分子生物学和遗传学的迅速发展,多态性的研究已经从形态水平深入到分子水平。DNA分子水平的遗传多态性越来越受到重视。本文系统地了分析了DNA多态性的发现﹑分类﹑特点以及检测方法,介绍了DNA多态性在医学、法医学、人类学方面的应用。DNA多态性是生物多样性的基础,随着对DNA多态性更深入的研究,DNA多态性将会更好地服务于遗传学﹑生物医学和法医学的研究和实际应用。     

尼雅遗址古代居民线粒体DNA研究

尼雅遗址是《汉书.西域传》中记载的"精绝"国故址,是丝绸之路沿线保存最完好的古代遗址之一,14C测定在距今1480~2635年之间。本实验对一例尼雅股骨样本线粒体高可变一区(364bp)进行扩增和测序,并同时做了编码区的限制性片段长度分析,结果显示这一个体属于U3亚型。U3亚型在现代人群中主要集中分布在近东和伊朗,与其他新疆古代人群对比显示:尼雅人群和山普拉人群可能存在一定的母系遗传联系,与潘其凤先生的体质人类学分析结果一致。     

植物分子育种

我国自70年代兴起植物分子育种,到80年代已取得很大的进展,在外源DNA导入方法探讨和抗性育种,品质育种、早熟与超高产育种等方面都获明显的成效。研究的进展和实践成果表明,它是植物多类型、多抗、优质、超高育种的有效途径,是植物品种改良技术的发展方向。