试析宋代城镇雇工发达之原因

雇工是中国经济史上一种古老而常见的经济现象。入宋后,伴随着封建社会的急剧变革和经济的空前高涨,使雇工的发展面临着前所未有的历史机遇。于是,雇工这一古代社会最底层的劳动群体再趋活跃,广泛分布于当时社会的生产和生活等各个领域。宋代城镇雇工发达的原因可以从农民人身依附关系的松弛、农民生活的艰辛、土地兼并的严重、人地矛盾的加剧及宋代城镇规模扩大,经济繁荣等方面窥其端倪。     

Women's pensions in Sweden

This article analyses the effect of the Swedish pension rules on women's and men's pensions. This is done on the basis of an empirical analysis of a representative sample of the population. The study indicates that the rules are least advantageous for women in typical low-wage occupations. I also relate different people's pension benefits to what they have had to pay into the pension system in the course of their working lives. My calculations show that female low-wage earners probably have to pay more for their pensions than other groups.     

The expected impact of the 2019 Brazilian pension reform on survivors’ pensions

This study analyses the expected changes in survivors’ pensions resulting from the permanent rules of the 2019 pension reform in Brazil. Actuarial annuities are used for representative worker profiles. The dispersion in the replacement rate values decreases, except for the highest income level. The rates needed to finance survivors’ pensions decrease relatively more than do the rates for old-age pensions. The internal rates of return significantly decrease. There is a heterogeneous change in the distributive aspects of the pension system. The reform shall affect the adequacy and intragenerational equity of old-age and survivors’ pensions.     

An International Comparative Study on Women's Pension Rights and Their Economic Risks

This article examined the theoretical meanings of pension rights and analyzed their effects on women's economic risks in developed countries. First, based on the status of a citizen, worker, parent, and spouse, this study investigated how pension benefits are guaranteed as a citizen regardless of work history, the degree to which women's disadvantageous situations in the labor market and unpaid work are compensated by public pension as workers and parents, and how marital status is treated in the different pension systems. Second, analysis of the effect of pension rights showed that individual rights is a significant factor to prevent economic risks of elderly women. Derived rights did not seem to secure the economic welfare of elderly women, at least in a comparative context. This finding suggested that developing individual rights, rather than derived rights, is the way to guarantee long‐term elderly women's economic welfare.     

Selective Guide to Current Reference Sources on Marriage,Obesity, and Dieting

No abstract available for this article.     

“教学本位”的前提是“教师本位”——从浙江大学设立“E津贴”谈起

浙江大学设立“E津贴”是为了回归“教学本位”,让更多教师用心从事教学。然而,“E津贴”是站在“行政本位”立场促进教师发展的外因,还没有站在“教师本位”立场深入到教师主体性这个内因,预期效果不容乐观。大学要回归“教学本位”,靠的不仅仅是对教师外在的奖励,还要尊重教师的主体性与发挥教师的主动性,引导教师从被动发展走向主动发展,从注重外职业生涯发展走向注重内职业生涯发展,建设超功利的教师文化,最终促进“教学本位”的回归。     

美国小企业计划及其对中国企业年金的启示

美国是一个社会保障制度健全的国家,尤其在退休金计划上更是如此。同时,美国的小企业也很发达,为美国的经济发展做出了巨大的贡献。本文从这两个视角出发,将美国小企业年金计划与中国的企业年金进行比较,以期为中国的中小企业年金的发展,提供一些借鉴。     

Social Change and Social Policy in Japan

This paper aims to present and discuss social change and social policy in Japan after the mid-20th century from a sociological viewpoint. Japanese social change and social policy from the mid-20th century onward can be categorized into three models in chronological order: escape from mass poverty by means of industrialization, improvement of the social security system to establish a welfare state, and parallel progress of aspiration for a welfare society and workfare. Defined concretely, these are (1) the period that established and improved social security, which started immediately after the end of World War II and ended in 1973, when Japan began to suffer from low growth after enjoying high growth; (2) the period in which finance for social security was adjusted, halfway through which the country experienced a bubble economy; and (3) the period after the 1990s, in which the structural reform of social security went hand-in-hand with labor policy and the advent of globalization. In each of the three periods, the direction of social policy was affected by factors that caused changes in such areas as industrial structure (the decline of agriculture), demographic structure (an aging society), and family structure and work pattern (the growing trend of nuclear families, single-person households, and irregular employment). In Japan, life security now attracts increasing attention, and employment security rather than social security has been the central issue. As it is greatly affected by globalization, employment security grows less conspicuous and makes the vulnerability of social security grow more conspicuous. Social policy has the potential to become an area with which to struggle for national integration and fissures between social groups.     

Between reform and inertia: Bolivia's employment and social protection policies over the past 20 years

With the coming to power in 2006 of Evo Morales' Movement Toward Socialism, Bolivia entered a new stage in its history: a period of ambitious political and economic reform aiming to transcend the neo‐liberal development model in place since 1985 and to renew the State on the basis of its new Constitution, drawn up in 2008. Against this background, this article examines changes in labour law and social protection during the 1980s and 1990s and takes stock of the challenges of implementing a development strategy focusing on full employment and equity.     

基于平均余命的中国养老金个人账户缴费率研究

平均余命是影响个人账户缴费率的重要因素之一。在退休人口平均余命逐步延长的趋势下,现行缴费率下的个人账户养老金积累额不能满足退休人口平均余命期间的支付需求,不能保障基本生活需要。如果不能及时依据平均余命适当调整个人账户缴费率,退休人口将面临因长寿风险而陷入生活贫困的境遇。本文测算了平均余命提高条件下中国2000~2050年个人账户缴费率的上限值与下限值范围,分析了职工个人缴纳养老保险费的经济承受能力,并提出了若干建议。