Improved Transferability of Data‐Driven Damage Models Through Sample Selection Bias Correction

Damage models for natural hazards are used for decision making on reducing and transferring risk. The damage estimates from these models depend on many variables and their complex sometimes nonlinear relationships with the damage. In recent years, data‐driven modeling techniques have been used to capture those relationships. The available data to build such models are often limited. Therefore, in practice it is usually necessary to transfer models to a different context. In this article, we show that this implies the samples used to build the model are often not fully representative for the situation where they need to be applied on, which leads to a “sample selection bias.” In this article, we enhance data‐driven damage models by applying methods, not previously applied to damage modeling, to correct for this bias before the machine learning (ML) models are trained. We demonstrate this with case studies on flooding in Europe, and typhoon wind damage in the Philippines. Two sample selection bias correction methods from the ML literature are applied and one of these methods is also adjusted to our problem. These three methods are combined with stochastic generation of synthetic damage data. We demonstrate that for both case studies, the sample selection bias correction techniques reduce model errors, especially for the mean bias error this reduction can be larger than 30%. The novel combination with stochastic data generation seems to enhance these techniques. This shows that sample selection bias correction methods are beneficial for damage model transfer.     

论普里什文哲理散文中的生态文学思想与猎人情结

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Integrating Family Resilience and Family Stress Theory

The construct, family resilience, has been defined and applied very differently by those who are primarily clinical practitioners and those who are primarily researchers in the family field. In thisarticle, the family resilience perspective is integrated with conceptual definitions from family stress theory using the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) Model in an effort to clarify distinctions between family resiliency as capacity and family resilience as a process. The family resilience process is discussed in terms of (a) the meaning of significant risk exposure (vs. the normal challenges of family life) and (b) the importance of making conceptual and operational distinctions between family system outcomes and family protective processes. Recommendations for future family resilience research are discussed.     

英汉句法的比较和转换

英汉句法存在三种最基本的差异 ,即树型结构和线型结构、形合法和意合法以及句子界线的差异。在此基础上 ,着重介绍英汉互译过程中的三种转换方法     

安置方式、人际交往与移民适应:江苏、浙江343户三峡农村移民的比较研究

本文依据对江苏、浙江两省6个县343户三峡外迁农村移民的调查数据，分析了相对集中与完全分散这两种不同的安置方式，以及由此所形成的两种不同的人际交往状况对外迁移民社会适应的影响。研究发现，从总体上看，移民在安置地的人际交往状况对移民的社会适应的影响十分显著。无论是移民之间的交往、还是移民与当地居民之间的交往，都会大大增强移民融入当地社会的程度。     

借鉴美国西部开发教训谈我国西部生态环境制度建设

西部大开发中的生态环境对整个大开发战略有着深刻的影响,应借鉴美国西部开发的教训,树立新的资源观和发展观,制定出一系列关于西部地区生态环境重建的制度措施。     

浅析伊斯兰教的生态观

伊斯兰教认为人与自然界万物都是真主的造化物,两者地位是平等的,人类只是真主的"代治者".伊斯兰教在强调爱护自然、与自然界和谐相处的前提下,主张把握自然的本质和规律,通过对自然界进行合理的开发利用,为人类造福.同时,伊斯兰教也坚决反对狭隘的功利主义、反对只顾眼前利益而忽视人类的长远利益.这些主张均对增强环保意识、促进人类与自然的和谐发展、维护正常的生态环境具有极大的指导意义.     

白居易"中隐"及其对后世的影响

白居易"中隐"是以庄子的逍遥人生为理念,远离政治斗争的遂性自由的生存哲学和方式,其核心是"适",在适性逍遥的前提下,再安排对社会、家庭、国家、民族的责任.这是一种强调个体生命高于一切的现代人本主义精神,在儒家思想占据统治地位的专制集权社会,这一思想是超前的.而且,其适性逍遥并不是其最终的目标,其最终的目标是以适性逍遥为保证,实现自己的自由自在的艺术创造.故白居易"中隐"对后世苏轼、明代三袁均有很大影响,但毕竟时代不同了,这种影响终于以浪漫精神衰退为特点走向另一种形态.     

跨文化交际中的非语言语用失误

非语言交际是交际的一种重要形式。跨文化非语言交际语用失误包括体态语、副语言、客体语和环境语的语用失误。这些失误主要是由于交际双方不同的文化背景和社会环境,以及对认知语境的失误判断引起的。     

区域制度变迁和中部地区经济发展的战略适应

我国区域制度变迁对中部地区的发展产生了深远影响。文章分析了区域经济新格局下中部地区的区域竞争环境，依据演化理论提出了环境变迁后中部地区区域发展的战略适应观点以及战略适应的现实路径，认为中部地区的战略适应路径在于区域制度创新和经济集聚战略，并就区域制度创新和经济集聚战略实施中的具体问题进行了探讨。