Replacement Migration: A Questionable Tactic for Delaying the Inevitable Effects of Fertility Transition

This article critiques a recent U.N. Population Division report, Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations? The report explores the use of increased immigration to bolster future population size and change age distribution patterns in a group of developed countries. Fertility rate declines and lengthening life expectancies associated with demographic transition inevitably yield an aging population and a falling potential support ratio (PSR), a situation which some demographers and economists view with alarm. As the U.N. report itself suggests, replacement migration can only temporarily delay population aging and decline. These issues are ultimately better addressed through changes in retirement policy. Population projections should be used only with great caution in designing long-term demographic policy. In particular, some assumptions used to make the U.N. projections are questionable, and even minor changes in those assumptions would yield substantially different policy conclusions. Replacement migration also raises difficult environmental questions by moving large numbers of people from low to high per-capita consumption nations. Modest population decline, particularly in more developed countries, may have significant local and global environmental and climate policy benefits.

     

2000年中国人口流迁研究综述

根据对国内主要人口学杂志发表的文章进行检索分析,本文对2000年中国人口迁移和流动研究进行了综述.同时指出了研究中存在的不足,并对未来进行了展望.     

1937年以前在俄国沿海州的朝鲜人(四)

苏联内战结束 ,并实施新经济政策 ,远东地区的社会秩序开始平稳。这一时期 ,朝鲜人移居沿海州和黑龙州掀起了高潮 ,朝鲜人苏维埃村的规模一而再、再而三地扩大 ,然而一些地方发生过凯旋回乡的红色游击队员无家可归的事件 ,但随后得到了解决。沿海州苏维埃政府为解决朝鲜人的土地问题 ,剥夺哥萨克土豪的特权 ,没收其土地 ,重新分配。在实现农业集体化过程中 ,进行反土豪斗争 ,同时进行清党工作 (清除剥削农民的出身富裕元户的党员 ) ,还批判了大俄罗斯民族主义的倾向。在农村集体化过程中 ,也犯过“左”倾错误 ,致使不少朝鲜族农民逃难到中国东北。但总的来说 ,农业集体化激发了农民生产积极性 ,促进了农业发展 ,农业集体化程度有所提高 ,朝鲜人的教育、文化事业也有长足的发展。 193 0 -193 7年在苏联肃反扩大化的运动中 ,很多无辜的朝鲜人党员、干部(或已故干部 )受到了不公正的批判或处刑 ,甚至把朝鲜人当做“日本间谍成员的人才源泉”来看待 ,最终把全部朝鲜人一律秘密地迁移到中亚细亚 ,朝鲜人和汉族的足迹从此消失在广阔的远东大地     

Local realities and global possibilities: deconstructing the imaginations of aspiring migrants in Senegal

Recent studies show that the numbers of aspiring migrants continue to be on the increase worldwide not only in the typical emigration countries in the South but also in the usual destination countries in the North. Yet, while migration theorists have recently included the micro perspective of individual agency and sociocultural logics in their search for the engine behind the migration flows, far less research has been done on the sociocultural embeddedness of the imaginations of aspiring migrants, most of whom will never migrate. In Senegal, an increasing large number of men and women are very focused on transnational migration. This article tries to unravel the knot as to what lies at the core of this seeming national preoccupation with migration out of Senegal. Its conclusion suggests that the pervasive desire of so many is rooted in the way in which the economic claims of family members and friends are culturally informed.     

A critique of integration

The term ‘integration’ is a category used both in political discourse and in sociological analysis. In political discourse, in the public debate, it has become a magic word which accompanies repression when a political power is unable to deal with major difficulties, particularly in poor neighbourhoods. The so-called ‘models of integration’ are all failing, whether in the United Kingdom after the terrorist attacks of 2005, in the Netherlands after the murder of Theo Van Gogh and Pim Fortuyn, or in France after the riots of 2005. In political and social life, integration is far from able to account for realities or to implement public policies successfully. From a sociological perspective, integration is connected with approaches which are centred on society or the social system, much more than with those that deal with the subjectivity of individuals and their capacity for personal or collective action. This means that integration belongs much more to traditional sociological thinking than to the new contemporary sociological imagination.     

Migration and the dialogue of multiple identifications: Kurdish migrants in the tourist industry of Istanbul

This article examines the cultural dilemmas proceeding from the multiple identifications of Kurdish migrants working in the multicultural environment of Istanbul’s tourist industry. Since identifications invariably multiply when migrants enter multicultural environments, the question emerges how migrants cope with increasing identifications? How are multiple identifications related within the self? In this article, these questions are addressed, first, by analysing how Kurds explain ethnic stereotypes of themselves with reference to migration from the region of origin. Furthermore, conflicts and ambiguities between identifications as individual migrant and identifications as family member are investigated. Third, identifications of the ‘villager’ versus the ‘urbanite’ are reviewed, while, finally, the role of ‘learning’ in the migration process for Kurdish identifications will be highlighted. Dialogical self theory is used to situate the analysis of cultural dilemmas and contradictions of Kurdish migrants in Istanbul within the broader study of multiple identifications of migrants in multicultural societies.     

Public Social Services’ encounters with irregular migrants in Sweden: amid values of social work and control of migration

This article outlines Public Social Services’ encounters with irregular migrants in Sweden from the perspectives of institutional and street-level bureaucrats. Staff and executive considerations are influenced by a de jure exclusion of irregular migrants, which is an element of the control of migration. Staff face contradictory demands concerning international and national regulations, which leads to legal ambiguities open to discretionary powers. The aim is to explore the handling of such cases, experiences and considerations with an interest in the values that are invoked when enacting discretion and to discuss implications of the unclear legal situation. The material was obtained using web-based questionnaires. A tentative analysis confirms that the Public Social Services encounter irregular migrants and that handling differs greatly. It suggests that different approaches and the contradictory legal framework endanger the rule of law. Differing reference points appear to be invoked when enacting discretion: some related to social work and others to controlled migration. The social work values invoked by some respondents might imply an appreciation of a right to services and control of migration as independent processes and jurisdiction related to human rights that are applicable beyond the nationally framed legal status and not subordinated to policies of migration.     

内部行政责任的价值功能

随着我国行政法制化的进程,越来越迫切需要全方位行政工作法制化。内部行政责任理论弥补了原有行政责任的不足,提高了行政法与社会发展的契合度,从而完善了我国行政责任理论。内部行政责任理论不仅填补了原有行政法的空白,而且解决了现有内部行政责任机制运行的问题。     

论中国特色社会主义制度的内在逻辑

中国特色社会主义制度之所以成为近代以来中国社会变革的必然结果、成为中华民族走向伟大复兴的必然选择,除了历史的、客观的动因之外,最根本的在于这一先进社会制度具有其产生、完善与发展的内在逻辑。中国特色社会主义制度的内在逻辑主要体现在:坚持科学社会主义基本原则与一切从中国实际出发的有机统一;坚持人民当家做主的制度本质与创造"五大民主"的制度特色的有机统一;坚持基本制度和基本要素的"不变性"与革除体制和制度弊端的"可变性"的有机统一;坚持社会差距的客观性与实现社会公正的必然性的有机统一。     

东汉河北人口的迁徙与变动

东汉时河北的户籍人口密度和西汉相比,除个别地区外,普遍下降。黄河改道对魏郡、清河、信都、勃海四个郡国人口的增减产生了重要影响。河北汉族人口的减少、迁移与北方民族的内迁融合这两个方面一直在持续进行。东汉初年,河北人口的变动表现为边郡人口的迁徙和乌桓、南匈奴的内附。东汉中后期,流民是河北人口迁移的主要内容。东汉末年,战乱频仍,河北北部汉族和少数民族的人口变动剧烈,数量锐减。