罗兴亚难民：孟加拉国的安全困境

作为缅甸的少数民族,罗兴亚人是全球公民权扩张的最大受害者。缅甸当局拒不承认他们的公民权或财产权,因此数以万计的罗兴亚人被迫逃往孟加拉国,给该国原本就不充裕的资源分配带来极大的压力,同时难民与伊斯兰教极端组织之间的密切联系又威胁着孟加拉国的国家安全。作为这些难民的第一避难所,孟加拉国不可能不顾国际道义,忽视对罗兴亚人基本人权的保护,由此导致政府陷入安全困境。     

Refugee community organizations in Canada: From the margins to the mainstream? A challenge and opportunity for social workers

Various waves of asylum seekers and resettled refugees arriving in Canada since the 1980s reflect the eruption of war and ethnic conflicts in parts of Africa, Central America, and South East Asia. Contrary to long‐established immigrant communities such as the Greeks, Italians, and Portuguese, these newcomers have had to fend for themselves and develop their own support networks, leading to new forms of organizing and to the formation of refugee community organizations (RCOs). This article discusses the findings of a 2008–2011 study on RCOs in Canada, specifically in Montréal and Winnipeg. The objective of the study was to understand the context in which RCOs have developed, the populations they serve, and the role they play in their ethnic communities. Working within the RCO paradigm, we analyze the creation of these organizations, contrast findings with research done in the UK, and raise issues for social work practice. Key Practitioner Message: ● Innovative research in Canada documenting refugee community organizations gives fresh insight regarding community organizing practice; ● Documents the situation of asylum seekers and refugees on an individual and a collective basis in terms of needs; ● Focuses on the necessity of building bridges with refugee organizations to bring them into the mainstream.     

西方国家环境难民的争议与弥合路径解读

在环境变化与人口迁移的研究中,环境难民这一概念饱受争议。争议的焦点主要集中在迁移动因的识别、是否存在环境难民、环境难民能否纳入难民的范畴三个方面。导致环境难民概念分歧的原因在于移民跨学科研究进展缓慢和不同的利益相关者从自身的角度对环境难民进行建构。为了弥合环境难民存在的争议,学者采取了将环境变化引起的跨国被迫迁移人口视为环境难民;根据移民动机和救援紧迫性识别环境难民;采取“自愿—强制”二分法将环境难民纳入非自愿移民的范畴;维持现状与加强合作等四条路径。本文结合我国环境相关移民实践认为：扩大环境难民的范畴不利于问题的解决。环境难民不能囊括那些既定类型和约定俗成的移民类型;不能将非自愿移民等同于难民;概念界定本身无法解决身份识别。在实践中,需要从环境变化的影响识别需要救援的迁移人口;以集体身份划定环境难民范畴;履行政府的职责,最大程度上较少跨国环境难民;对不同环境变化影响的人口采取不同的迁移手段;整合资源进行合作以更好地安置移民。     

诺苏彝语中缀研究

诺苏彝语除了有前缀和后缀现象外,还有中缀现象。过去,由于人们经常将诺苏彝语中缀当做副词或破词,使 人们无法了解诺苏彝语中缀,更没有人研究过诺苏彝语中缀。本论文详细研究了诺苏彝语中缀ap、tat、y和k。     

Ethnic Organizations and the Welfare State: The Impact of Social Welfare Programs on the Formation of Indochinese Refugee Associations

The expansion of the welfare state during the 20th century has altered the conditions shaping the formation of ethnic organizations. Drawing upon research in the divergent fields of social policy, immigrant communities, and social movements, this article argues that social welfare programs promote or suppress ethnic organizations depending on how they affect an ethnic community's institutional completeness. This welfare state channeling theory is contrasted with ethnic competition and resource mobilization explanations for the formation of ethnic organizations. An analysis of 800 Indochinese refugee associations finds that public assistance has no effect on the prevalence of these organizations, but that privatization of federal social service expenditures does, thus partially supporting the welfare state channeling theory.     

民国时期难民移垦东北述略--以“九·一八”事变前为中心

民国时期尤其是20世纪20年代后期直到“九·一八”事变之前,来自关内的难民大量涌入东北,民国中央和东北地方政府出于安置难民及巩固东北边疆安全之双重考量,引导难民在关东大地定居垦植,开发荒地、发展农业,改变当地地广人稀的空虚局面,成为当时东北移民实边政策实施的重要组成部分,对于巩固东北边疆之安全,有着重大的意义。     

Beyond control: the criminalization of African asylum seekers in Israel

ABSTRACT

This article analyzes the discursive process of criminalization of African asylum seekers in Israel. The Israeli case illuminates the way that marginalized social groups are constructed as a criminal threat, thus becoming a focal point of moral panic. Using content analysis, in-depth interviews and observations, we assert that the criminalization of asylum seekers is facilitated by their portrayal as ‘infiltrators’ who are beyond state control. State authorities’ ostensible inability to keep asylum seekers under surveillance is dialectically constructed along two main axes: the private space axis and the public space axis. On the private space axis, the asylum seekers are portrayed as unidentified people living beyond the authorities’ field of vision whose largely unreported criminality is directed against vulnerable asylum seeker women and children in the private sphere. At the same time, asylum seekers are portrayed as a prominent, faceless and animalistic presence in public space, a presence that breaches physical-spatial borders as well as social-cultural boundaries, thereby undermining the social order. Thus, asylum seekers are viewed as conspicuously invisible. This rhetoric connects border violation with criminal activity; emphasizes the pent-up potential for violence by asylum seekers; and blurs the lines between criminal threat and security threat.     

Mentoring the Hmong: A Practice Outlet for Teaching Faculty and a Possible Community Development Tool

This brief article summarizes the personal experiences of a social work educator who became a mentor for an immigrant Hmong family. The Hmong family came to the United States from the Highlands of Laos and a culture that was vastly different from American culture. The mentoring experience had multiple and continuing benefits for the educator, the curriculum, the learning climate, the Hmong, and the majority community.     

Journey through the ‘Gate of Zion’: British policy,Jewish refugees and the La Spezia Affair, 1946

ABSTRACT

This article explores the case of ‘illegal’ immigration at the end of the Second World War and, specifically, the events that unfolded at the Italian port of La Spezia. In April 1946, 1014 visa-less Jewish refugees, who were attempting to reach the British Mandate of Palestine, were detained on a vessel by Italian authorities under the instruction of the British. Rather than conceding to Whitehall’s rejection of entry visas, the Spezia refugees remained defiant, threatening collective mass-suicide and staging hunger strikes until passage was finally granted. The Spezia narrative has, however, remained on the periphery of academic scholarship, with the case of the ship Exodus 1947, which set sail the following year, dominating historiographical accounts. This article demonstrates the impact of the La Spezia Affair on post-war migratory movements and, most notably, the importance of refugee agency within the context of forced migration. Analysing the events at La Spezia from the port itself recasts the narrative through a ‘local’ lens, recovering the role of the refugees which has been largely overshadowed by state-level responses. In so doing, traditional perspectives from ‘above’ are confronted with those from ‘below’, reconfiguring our historical understanding of refugees and transnational migration in the twentieth century.