Unjust punishment in organizations

What causes leaders to punish subordinates unjustly? And why might leaders keep punishing subordinates unjustly, even when this increases workplace misconduct? In the current paper we address these questions by suggesting that power and status cause leaders to punish unjustly. We review evidence on the effects of power and status on punishment, review how unjust punishments foster misconduct, and highlight how this creates a self-perpetuating feedback loop—leaders are more likely to punish in an unjust manner when subordinates engage in misconduct, but subordinates’ misconduct is partly caused by unjust punishments. We also discuss how leader-subordinate distrust may be at the heart of this phenomenon and how organizations may counteract unjust punishments. We draw attention to research areas that have received little attention and draw up an agenda for future research. Taken together, we integrate the literatures on power, status, punishment and trust, review evidence on when unjust punishments become perpetuating, challenge research suggesting that leaders are cautious when punishing, and guide future research on the topic of punishment in organizations.     

股东派生诉讼若干问题解读

我国新《公司法》在我国初步确立了股东派生诉讼制度,规定了对股东资格的限制,提起诉讼的前置程序以及提起诉讼所依据的理由。但是有关一些问题并没有在法律上明确规定,相关的一些理论问题也亟待澄清。有必要结合域外经验与诉讼法理论的新发展对这些问题进行探讨,并提出有益的建议。     

Norms,status and the dynamics of advice networks: A case study

The issue of the influence of norms on behavior is as old as sociology itself. This paper explores the effect of normative homophily (i.e. “sharing the same normative choices”) on the evolution of the advice network among lay judges in a courthouse. 0020 and 0025 social exchange theory suggests that members select advisors based on the status of the advisor. Additional research shows that members of an organization use similarities with others in ascribed, achieved or inherited characteristics, as well as other kinds of ties, to mitigate the potentially negative effects of this strong status rule. We elaborate and test these theories using data on advisor choice in the Commercial Court of Paris. We use a jurisprudential case about unfair competition (material and “moral” damages), a case that we submitted to all the judges of this court, to test the effect of normative homophily on the selection of advisors, controlling for status effects. Normative homophily is measured by the extent to which two judges are equally “punitive” in awarding damages to plaintiffs. Statistical analyses combine longitudinal advice network data collected among the judges with their normative dispositions. Contrary to what could be expected from conventional sociological theories, we find no pure effect of normative homophily on the choice of advisors. In this case, therefore, sharing the same norms and values does not have, by itself, a mitigating effect and does not contribute to the evolution of the network. We argue that status effects, conformity and alignments on positions of opinion leaders in controversies still provide the best insights into the relationship between norms, structure and behavior.     

Where do intra-organizational advice relations come from? The role of informal status and social capital in social exchange

Social status and social capital frameworks are used to derive competing hypotheses about the emergence and structure of advice relations in organizations. Although both approaches build on a social exchange framework, they differ in their behavioral micro-foundations. From a status perspective, advice giving is a means to generate prestige, whereas asking advice decreases one's relative standing. At a structural level these motivations are expected to result in an overrepresentation of non-reciprocal dyads and non-cyclical triadic structures in the advice network, as well as in active advice seekers being unlikely to be approached for advice, especially by active advice givers. From a social capital perspective, advice seeking creates obligations for the advice seeker. At the structural level, this results in an overrepresentation of reciprocal dyads and cyclical triads, and active advice seekers to be unpopular as targets of advice seeking, especially for active advice givers. Analyses of four waves of a longitudinal sociometric study of 57 employees of a Dutch Housing Corporation provide partial support for both approaches. In line with the social capital perspective, we find reciprocal advice relations to be overrepresented at the dyad level. Results at the triad level support the social status arguments, according to which high status individuals will avoid asking advice from low status individuals. The implications for macro-structural properties of intra-organizational advice network are discussed.     

近百年来地域文学研究的回顾与反思

前人很早就关注到了文学的地域性,但多停留在感悟式体验层面上。地域文学进入理性的研究阶段始于刘师培,不过,地域文学研究在上个世纪并未受到重视,学者的研究多处在自发阶段。进入本世纪后,地域文学研究开始由自发阶段向自觉阶段转变,地域文学研究也日趋火热。但由于地域文学本身较复杂,研究起步也较晚,因而还存在诸多问题,后继研究者须引起重视。     

Status inconsistency in groups: How discrepancies between instrumental and expressive status result in symptoms of stress

This study examines whether a mismatch between the positions that individuals hold in different status hierarchies results in symptoms of stress. Prior research has focused on inconsistencies between socioeconomic status dimensions (e.g., education and income) and did not find a significant relation between status inconsistency and stress. In this paper, we build on research on role differentiation and propose to study the effect of inconsistencies between instrumental status and expressive status in group contexts. We hypothesize that people with an inconsistency between these status dimensions experience feelings of uncertainty and frustration in their interactions with others and this manifests in stress-related symptoms. We test this hypothesis with data collected in a medium-sized Dutch childcare organization (N = 93). Polynomial regression analysis, visualized in response surface plots, suggests that status inconsistent employees report higher levels of stress.     

浅析高职院校信息化建设问题及对策

十二五期间，国家要求大力加强信息化建设，作为后起之秀，高职院校借此发展东风，迅速兴起信息化建设热潮。但在信息化建设中认识不到位、重复建设、效率低下、资源浪费严重等问题层出不穷。本文结合高职院校信息化实际，从四个方面分析了目前高职院校信息化建设中存在的问题，并提出切实改进意见，以期促进高职院校信息化建设高效、扎实稳步推进。     

企业财务状况与投资者关系管理--来自 IR 百强上市公司的经验证据

依据“2007年度中国最佳投资者关系管理百强”榜的评选结果,研究了企业财务状况对上市公司投资者关系管理的影响.结果表明,投资者关系管理与企业盈利能力负相关,与股东获利能力、发展能力以及企业现金流量能力正相关.研究还发现,公司规模和流通股比例有利于提升投资者关系管理水平.     

新形势下企业共青团工作的现状及对策

社会主义青年团是青年的先进组织，是中国共产党的预备队。青年是未来、是国家的希望。做好青年工作，尤其是共青团的组织工作，对国家兴衰、事业成败有着不可替代的作用；本文就目前国有企事业单位青年团组织的现状及对策提出了个人的一些意见。     

中外合作办学主体法律地位研究

文章首先阐述中外合作办学是一种法律行为,必然会在主体间产生一定的法律关系。由于中外合作办学主体法律地位的不同,决定了不同主体的权利义务的不同。针对中外合作办学实践中出现的主体地位不清、权利义务混淆及越权行为等问题,从法律的角度深入分析并界定了中外合作办学主体的种类及划分标准、不同主体各自的法律特征、权利与义务、职权与职责,以及不同主体之间的相互关系。