2011年文艺学研究有关的几个问题

一个学科要想获得发展,必须处理好两个彼此相关的问题:其一是对当下社会文化重大问题的回应能力;其二是将这些问题的回应与本学科自身的关联梳理清楚。通过对2011年与文艺学研究有关的几个问题及其讨论(包括"艺术学升‘门’"、"文学经验"、"文学形式"、"视觉文化"等)的清理,可以发现文艺学研究必须要积极应对和处理与相邻学科的关系、本学科内部的研究范式以及在当代文化重要问题中推动学科的发展。     

意境、情韵与神味:林纾散文学的新色彩

长期以来中国散文学都是以文道、义法为主流,这从根本上规定了散文学的发展方向,限制了审美论的发展。林纾虽然以古文的衣钵继承人自居,但并没有坚守"文道""义法"传统,而是以情性为散文之本,这就使他在散文审美方面取得了前所未有的成绩。其中,"意境"、"情韵"与"神味"三说最具代表性,突出地体现了林纾散文学的诗性特质。它们的出现为散文学增添了一抹新的色彩,也为近现代散文学的发展打开了一条新的通道。散文学领域里提出"意境"、"情韵"、"神味"诸说,对于源于诗国的这些美学范畴,也是一种丰富和发展。     

回到海德格尔

在海德格尔的全部学术思想发展进程中,始终同步存在着两种完全不同的思之道路和双重思想构境——"克服形而上学"的争执性思想场域和"绝弃存在"的本有诗性之思境。克服形而上学,就是在重返柏拉图和亚里士多德的开启的第一开端中,超越性地让存在者归基,即重新扎根于作为其真实根据的存在。"绝弃存在"这条全新道路的基石却是被打上叉的存在,即"存有"(Seyn)历史之思,在这条没有了理性炫目之光的幽暗小径上,打开一切存在的涌现和用在性将为存在之弃让所替代,解蔽之真理性认知和逻各斯之主导性追问生成的抽象聚集,将为存有的基础性追问中的真理本现和归隐所取代。在海德格尔的思想发展中,根本不存在断裂式的思想转向,只有一个海德格尔!只是这个海德格尔在对希腊原初本原之境的双重返回中,同时置身于"第一开端"的形而上学之路解构之战和在"另一开端"的本有之思中的道说本现之中。应该说,海德格尔在两个思想构境层中的辛苦努力都是一贯到底的。     

一段令人缅怀的批评史——重读1946至1949年的西方文论经典

1946至1949年西方文论的丰硕成果,为我们书写了一段令人缅怀的批评史。短短几年间,竟有如此众多的批评经典竞相问世,而且每一部都非同凡响,的确堪称批评史上的一个奇迹。尽管那一代批评家早已风流云散,但他们的批评论著却至今依然闪烁着思想的光辉,给我们以深刻的启迪。而奥尔巴赫的《摹仿论》、布鲁克斯的《精制的瓮》、利维斯的《伟大的传统》、韦勒克和沃伦的《文学理论》,无疑堪称"经典中的经典",代表了这段批评史的主导倾向。     

STOCHASTIC COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS IN A COMPETITIVE OLIGOPOLY

Previous stochastic cost-volume-profit (CVP) models have assumed that the firm was operating under either perfect competition or monopolistic conditions. This paper presents a stochastic CVP model applicable to oligopolistic competition. Each firm is assumed to maximize a linear function of the expected value and the standard deviation of its random profits. The result is a game-theoretic model that is solved using the concept of a Nash equilibrium. The results of the model are used to examine a firm's competitive strength. The model can be easily modified to accommodate a measure of risk based on the capital asset pricing theory.     

VALIDATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS- WITH APPLICATIONS TO AUDITING AND ACCOUNTING EXPERT SYSTEMS*

This paper proposes a set of definitions for the concepts “validation” and “assessment” applied to expert systems (ESs). It develops a framework for this validation and demonstrates the framework on existing accounting and auditing ESs to elicit some of the research issues involved in ES validation. Validation is critical to the design and implementation of decision-making ESs. In a setting where objectivity is sought and variance is avoided, validation ascertains what a system knows, knows incorrectly, or does not know. Validation ascertains the system's level of expertise and investigates the theoretical basis on which the system is based. It evaluates the reliability of decisions made by the system. The validation framework developed in this paper is research methods. It is designed to reflect the unique aspects of ESs (in contrast to other types of computer programs) and can be used by ES developers as a basis from which to perform validation and by researchers as a framework to elicit research issues in validation.     

基于扎根理论的茅山江南名山形象认知分析

江南名山是中国名山文化的重要组成部分,其形象的开发和利用为古代文人和知识分子所主导,是当前完善名山风景建设的关键因素,而诗词文本则是江南名山形象构建的见证。本文以江南名山茅山为研究案例,结合元代刘大彬所著《茅山志·金薤篇》中记载的茅山相关诗词及网络搜集的补充诗词为文本材料,运用扎根理论对文本内容进行三级编码,归纳形成包括山地、生物、天象、气象资源等在内的十五个初始范畴和自然资源、文化特征、审美活动、行为互动、建筑设施五个主范畴,进而利用文本分析软件ROST CM6进行词频分析、社会网络与语义网络分析、情感意象分析。分析发现诗词文本中自然资源构成了茅山风景区核心景观资源。情感意象分析发现,中性情感比重最大,"归隐"频次最高,反映出诗人普遍以茅山寄托隐居志向,积极情感多表达诗人对自然资源的由衷喜爱。最后构建江南名山形象塑造过程的模型,认为永嘉之乱后江南名山得到了发展,优越的自然条件作为风景要素,是形象认知的起点和自然供给力。宗教文化的发展进一步推动了山岳诗文的创作,二者构成重要的文化供给力。隐居和游观活动的兴盛则是江南名山文化吸引力的重要体现。总结得出了茅山江南名山形象,为后续江南名山形象认知的研究打下基础。     

Notes and Communications “A DECISION THEORY EXAMPLE IN FOOTBALL”: A COMMENT*

Janssen and Daniel analyzed the choice between a one- or a two-point conversion for a particular game situation in college football. Their decision criteria was maximum expected utility based on a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function defined over the games outcomes. An alternative approach based on a stochastic dominance criterion is presented that does not rely on knowledge of the relative importance of tying vs. winning; rather, it relies on a notion of consistency in the sequential problem.     

Information

Information technology is increasingly being used in the human services, but reports suggest that some professionals are resisting its introduction. Some accounts for this resistance emphasise the role of the technology's physical attributes. It may, however, be due more to mistaken assumptions by some professionals about the role of the technology in generating information in human service contexts. Information as a concept has different interpretations according to its usage. It is the author's contention that there has been a failure to differentiate between the use of the concept in different settings and this is a possible causal factor in producing resistance. This paper examines information as used in communication theory and the human services and emphasises the need for a thorough examination of the role of information in professional social work education and practice.