从"通事"到"翻译官"--论近代中外语言接触史上的主、被动角色的转移

在对明清以来中外语言接触的研究中,"通事"作为这一过程的重要交流媒介不可忽视.这些在16世纪至19世纪初担当广东沿海中外贸易和交涉事务的翻译人员有的来自民间,有的为官方指派.他们与后来同文馆、广方言馆科班毕业的"翻译官"不只是表面上称呼的不同,更反映出其时位居高官的朝廷大员是在一个十分"被动"的状态下开始学洋语的:由藐视"番人"、"鬼话"到被迫学洋语,识洋务,从对"通事"的不信任到对"翻译官"的竭力培养.同一个角色所处的地位经历的这种"自下到上"的巨大转变,其背后的社会动因值得作一研究.     

主体功能区划框架下耕地保护经济补偿分区——以湖北省为例

以湖北省102个县(市、区)为例,采用粮食安全法,界定了县级区域间的补偿关系。并在此基础上,通过对比分析补偿分区结果与湖北省出台的主体功能区划方案,探讨主体功能区划框架下耕地保护经济补偿分区的分布规律。结果表明:总体上,湖北省耕地资源处于亏损状态,亏损面积达312.34 khm2,不能满足自身需求;且省内耕地资源差异较大,18个盈余区中,襄阳区盈余面积最多,约108.01 khm2,盈余面积最小的保康县仅盈余59.726 hm2;37个赤字区中赤字面积最大的武昌区赤字面积高达149.448 khm2,赤字面积最小的赤壁市仅赤字293.287 hm2。结合湖北省主体功能区划,分析耕地保护经济补偿的分布规律可知,耕地保护经济补偿受偿区主要分布在农产品主产区,耕地保护经济补偿支付区主要分布在重点开发区,重点生态功能区内的县(市、区)基本属于耕地保护经济补偿支付区和平衡区。     

交往认同与法律规则效力的生成

法律规则效力的生成问题是法哲学研究的一个重要课题,从西方和我国的法哲学研究来看,对这一问题的研究在理论或经验两个层面都有一定的研究成果。从马克思主义人的实践理论出发,人的实践活动是社会规则效力产生的基础,在社会实践活动中,人们通过交往形成了对一定规则的认同,这一认同成为法律规则最终形成的直接动因,这种认同包括自主性认同以及强迫性认同,这种交往认同也是法律规则产生效力的前提。从这个意义上而言,法律规则及其应然效力都是作为主体的人在社会实践过程中通过交往而形成认同的结果。     

论和谐社会中的和谐交往

党的十七大明确了科学发展与和谐社会的内在统一关系,而两者的实现都以和谐的社会交往关系为前提。马克思主义认为,社会是由单个的社会个体之间有效的社会交往形成的,社会的发展需要人际交往关系的规范化和制度化。因此,人际交往在现代社会发展中具有重要的地位和作用,而人与人之间关系的融洽与和睦则是构建社会主义和谐社会的核心。     

Emotions and cosmopolitan sociability: Barriers and opportunities for intercultural encounters amongst new Chinese migrants in New Zealand

Emotions matter, particularly in experiences of migration. This article explores how emotions are involved in everyday intercultural encounters and the role of emotions in generating cosmopolitan sociability in the context of migration. The article is based upon qualitative research with 80 Chinese 1st and 1.5 generation migrants in New Zealand. We focus on ‘contact zones’ as social spaces where migrants have uneven opportunities to encounter cultural others and where ‘emotional dissonance’ can emerge through unsuccessful intercultural exchanges. In order to generate a sense of comfort and familiarity in such conflicted spaces, migrants need to invest in ‘emotional labour’ to engage in more cosmopolitan sociability as an attempt to transform ‘contact zone’ to ‘comfort zone’. Through this article we argue that emotions can both promote and encourage, but also undermine and limit the capacity to perform cosmopolitan sociability and build intercultural relations.     

Child support and non-resident fathers’ contact with their children

The paper presents a model of a non-resident father’s child support and contact with his child, which combines the public good treatment of “child quality” with “trade” in father–child contact time in a setting of non-cooperative interaction. It predicts that father’s income and mother’s non-labour income should have exactly the same effect on the frequency of father–child contact if he chooses to make lump sum payments to the mother. If he does not or there is a binding child support payment order, they have effects opposite in direction. A higher binding support order reduces father–child contact but may well raise “child quality”.

The sacred and the profane in life science work: The case of assisted reproduction laboratories

Reproductive medicine and assisted reproduction therapies have been developed over the last decades resulting in over five million babies. The handling of human reproductive materials and patients is based on the ability to combine health care work and techno-scientific expertise in both the clinic and the laboratory setting. This study of Swedish assisted reproductive technology clinics demonstrates that the active day-to-day manipulation of human reproductive materials enact both the ‘profane’, through treating the embryos as raw materials in standardized procedures enabling economies of scale, and the ‘sacred’ through enacting a separation, the potential to human life, the patients ordeals, and seriousness. The enactment of the profane and the sacred is mostly balanced but at certain points in the work procedures, their intersecting becomes particularly salient. Such points provide opportunities for the study of the sense making of professionals in organizational grey zones, during techno-scientific activities.     

Identity Formation in Children and Young People in Open Adoptions from Out-of-home Care in New South Wales,Australia

Semi-structured interviews were used to explore identity development for nine adoptees (aged 9–23 years) who were adopted by their foster carers in New South Wales, Australia. Adoptions were open, with court-ordered face-to-face contact with birth families. Findings suggest that participants had healthy adoptive identities, with coherent and meaningful narratives about their life histories. Adoption provided a sense of security and belonging. Openness provided information to build a self-narrative and encouraged discussion of adoption issues within adoptive families. Adoptive parents were critical in helping children understand their adoption and facilitating direct contact with birth families, thus laying foundations for positive identity development.     

Contact between birth parents and children in kinship care in a sample from Spain

Within the context of kinship care, the main objectives of this work are to study the characteristics of contact between foster children and their birth parents, and their relationship with key variables of fostering, the children and their kinship caregivers. The sample included 189 children from Spain and their kinship families. A semi‐structured placement interview and two scales relating to the child–caregiver relationship and child's psychological adjustment were used with the kinship families. The results revealed a significant percentage of foster children who had no family contact. Various visit types, frequencies and durations were described. Kinship care with contact, compared with placements without contact, was frequently characterized by the absence of professional supervision, and an affectionate child–caregiver relationship; moreover, children with contact were perceived to have fewer serious behaviour and socio‐emotional problems and a greater probability of family reunification. The regression analysis showed that the main predictors for how caregivers assessed contact were the children's emotional reaction during visits and the quality of the relationship between the kinship families and the birth parents. These results suggest the need for further research about contact, which will certainly have a major impact on professional intervention with these families.     

Strengthening Purity: Moral Purity as a Mediator of Direct and Extended Cross-Group Friendships on Sexual Prejudice

The present research investigated whether enhanced perceptions of moral purity drive the effects of intergroup cross-group friendships on the intentions to interact with homosexuals. High-school students (N = 639) reported their direct and extended cross-group friendships with homosexuals as well as their beliefs regarding the moral character of the sexual minority. Participants further reported their desire to interact with homosexuals in the future. Results showed that both face-to-face encounters and extended contact with homosexuals increased their perceived moral purity, which in turn fostered more positive behavioral intentions. Results further revealed the specific role of moral purity in this sense, as differential perceptions along other moral domains (autonomy and community) had no mediation effects on behavioral tendencies toward homosexuals. The importance of these findings for improving intergroup relations is discussed, together with the importance of integrating research on intergroup contact and morality.