王利器"范注"订补柬释

范文澜的<文心雕龙注>1929～1931年由北平文化学社分上、中、下3册出版,1936年上海开明书店出版7册线装本,至此"范注"基本定型.1958年经作者又一次核对订正,人民文学出版社分2册重印,这就是现在流行的本子.人们一直以为"范注"由开明书店本到人民文学本的修订工作就是范老本人做的.然而,据王利器回忆,他曾担任范文澜<文心雕龙注>重版的责任编辑,在整理过程中,他订补了五百多条注文.笔者从增补、订正、补充、厘正4个方面,对王利器所做的"订补"进行考辨,以期澄清事实真相.     

夏夷文野之分与华夏中心意识

华夏中心意识使夏夷文野之分成为夏夷之辨的主流观念。夏夷文野之分又因民族矛盾和中外文化冲突而出现两种极端保守的表述形式———夏夷人禽之别和以地之中外划分夏夷的主张。对中华民族的历史进程而言 ,夏夷文野之分与华夏中心意识具有正反两方面的影响 ,而且随着时间的推移 ,其负面影响日益凸现。     

基于PSR模型的中国粮食主产区农业生态安全评价及障碍因素诊断

农业生态安全作为中国粮食和生态"双安全"的重要组成部分,对实现社会可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。基于PSR模型建立农业生态安全评价指标体系,运用熵权法、综合指数法、泰尔指数对1998—2018年粮食主产区的农业生态安全进行评价,并结合障碍度模型对障碍因子进行诊断。研究表明:1998—2018年,粮食主产区农业生态安全水平呈显著上升态势,由较不安全等级向较安全等级转变,但总体仍处于较低水平;粮食主产区农业生态安全水平空间分异显著,区域发展不均衡,呈"南低北高"的空间格局;影响粮食主产区农业生态安全的主要障碍因子为化肥施用强度、农药施用强度、农膜施用强度、城镇化水平和复种指数,2018年障碍度分别为12.1%、8.2%、13.4%、17.9%、14.4%;从长远看,生态压力准则层对农业生态安全的阻碍作用持续增强,生态状态准则层和生态响应准则层对农业生态安全的阻碍作用持续减弱。在未来生态环境建设过程中,要强化农业生态环境保护监管,构建施肥、施药、施膜安全体系,切实改善农村生态环境。     

“哲学消解运动”的科学发生学根源

科学与哲学的分化,在产生了科学及科学与哲学的关系同时,也导致了"哲学的消解运动",造成了科学与哲学的分裂.在当今科学和哲学危机的时代,如何正确地理解科学与哲学的内在转化关系,通过提升科学的哲学精神来发展哲学,通过哲学促进科学的自觉,最后通过科学与哲学的融通,达成人与自然、人与社会、人与自我的和解,已成为当代哲学研究的时代课题和历史任务.     

Modelling the tradeoff between postponement capacity and forecast accuracy

The ability to offer rapid delivery of a wide variety of customised products requires companies to maintain high levels of product inventories to quickly respond to customer demands. One alternative for reducing final product inventories while providing the required customer service level is delayed product differentiation, known as postponement. This strategy, however, can result in significant costs of increasing capacity at the postponement stage. Another alternative is to improve forecast accuracy, resulting in costs associated with more sophisticated forecasting methodologies. In this study we model the costs associated with each alternative and the resulting reductions in inventory levels, while maintaining a constant service level. We illustrate the interaction between these variables using a numerical example motivated by our work with a local manufacturer of non-durable household goods. Our findings show that large cost differences can exist between the two strategies, and that these costs play a significant role in determining the best strategy. Also, the value of the product (through holding cost) sets a limit on the benefit that can be realised by either strategy. These results have important managerial implications that should be considered when making the postponement decision.     

Re-positioning the supplier: an SME perspective

As manufactured products become more complex, their design and manufacturing demands more and more resource which is being increasingly shared between the supply/value chain members. Competition is being typified less by firm versus firm and more by supply chain versus supply chain. The final assemblers are simplifying their supply chain to reduce logistics complexity and provide best value to the final customer. To suppliers, particularly SMEs, this gives rise to both opportunities for increasing 'added value', as well as threats of being dropped from rationalized supplier bases. Historically, SMEs have been sandwiched between large customers and suppliers and have always reacted to their superior bargaining power. Now, if the SMEs want to survive and grow, they have to adopt a more proactive stance to re-position themselves in response to these supply chain trends. In this paper, we present a technique for re-positioning the supplier in terms of'physical value added' and competency/practice-based 'differentiation'. We use the proposed approach to see how one supplier has successfully changed his business and another has developed plans to change, in line with the trends in their industry structure.     

基于差异产品的政府最优R&D补贴策略研究

本文建立考虑产品差异的三阶段双寡头博弈模型:第一阶段政府选择R&D(Research and Development)补贴率,第二阶段企业确定自己的R&D水平,第三阶段企业确定产品价格进行伯川德竞争。根据双寡头在第二和第三阶段是否合作,给出了R&D竞争、R&D卡特尔、共同实验、技术共享联盟和研究共同体等五种R&D策略,得到了相应的政府最优R&D补贴率。研究表明,当技术溢出程度较低且产品水平差异不大时,政府给予采用R&D竞争策略企业的补贴率不高于采用R&D卡特尔策略的企业;当技术溢出程度较高且产品水平差异较大时,结果则相反。在政府进行最优补贴后,从促进技术进步、扩大企业规模以及社会福利最大化的角度来看,五种R&D策略中,共同实验最差,技术共享联盟和研究共同体则最优。     

竞争供应链中制造商环保技术投资决策研究

本文考虑消费者对质量差异化产品的异质性偏好以及环保意识,建立了消费者效用函数以及产品需求函数,构建了差异化竞争制造商及其零部件供应商之间的动态博弈模型;进而,研究了竞争供应链中制造商环保技术投资策略,考察了市场竞争对供应链均衡定价决策、环保技术投资决策以及消费者福利的影响。研究结果表明：拥有较高技术水平的制造商总是会选择更高的环保技术投资水平,但消费者也需为此支付更高的产品溢价;制造商环保技术投资会影响产品销售价格并有利于提升消费者福利,拥有较高技术水平的制造商总是有动机选择投资环保技术,而技术水平较低的制造商则不会有动机选择投资环保技术;市场竞争会导致供应商和制造商定价决策的变化,但此时供应商反而能够获得更多利润。     

Limited Information and Advertising in the U.S. Personal Computer Industry

Traditional discrete‐choice models assume buyers are aware of all products for sale. In markets where products change rapidly, the full information assumption is untenable. I present a discrete‐choice model of limited consumer information, where advertising influences the set of products from which consumers choose to purchase. I apply the model to the U.S. personal computer market where top firms spend over $2 billion annually on advertising. I find estimated markups of 19% over production costs, where top firms advertise more than average and earn higher than average markups. High markups are explained to a large extent by informational asymmetries across consumers, where full information models predict markups of one‐fourth the magnitude. I find that estimated product demand curves are biased toward being too elastic under traditional models. I show how to use data on media exposure to improve estimated price elasticities in the absence of micro ad data.     

甘蓝型油菜品种区试资料的非参数度量

应用秩次变量nij 和nij',非参数统计量Pi、Pi'、Si 和Dj 描述 1999年长江上游油菜品种区域试验资料。结果表明 :94 0 7N丰产性、稳产性最好 ,94杂 - 3、黔杂 97- 2次之。油 2 71丰产性最差 ,绵阳92 - 4 592稳产性最差。除曲靖、昆明点之外 ,其余试验点具有较好的代表性