The long arm of the welfare state shortened: Home help in Sweden

Old age care in Sweden expanded greatly in all areas in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, both institutional and in-home services have retreated. Little substitution between the two kinds of care can be observed. Cutbacks relative to demographic needs, and probably also to actual needs, have occurred, nationally and locally. Home help is analyzed as a metaphor for social services and welfare at large. The strategy has been to give priority to the frailest and oldest clients. Others often have to make do without any services. Also, current recipients of home help services now get different inputs: in the 1980s and earlier, 8 of 10 home help hours were used for homemaking (such as shopping, cooking, cleaning and laundry); in the 1990s about half is used for personal care of the clients.     

Community in a children's home

In this paper the focus is on ‘the community’ of a children's home and what it looks like from the children's point of view. The research data consist of ethnographic research material produced in conjunction with a doctoral thesis in 1996. The community was analysed in respect to four features: periodic adult relationships, alliance creation, importance of peers relationships and continuous negotiations, where children take active roles. In addition to periodic employees, the community of a children's home includes different relationships between peers and adults. The significance of the community is individually experienced. According to the field research, a children's home can offer home‐like experiences for some children and give a feeling of belonging, while there are also children for whom a sense of belonging is more complex. There is a need for a community approach in child protection and child welfare research. The studies of children's friendship and other human relationships provide adults and professionals with an understanding of the role of these relationships in the children's life and future. The studies also yield information on how these personal relationships are interpreted by young people.     

对外直接投资对母国收入差距的影响效应——基于跨国面板数据的研究

本文将企业异质性理论引入内生增长模型，讨论对外直接投资（OFDI）对母国收入差距的影响机理，并基于1981~2015年85个国家（地区）的面板数据，同时运用静态模型与动态模型验证了二者间存在"倒U型"关系，即随着对外直接投资强度的提升，母国收入差距呈现先扩大再缩小的态势；OFDI一方面通过促进母国的技术进步与产业结构升级、挤出部分国内投资等渠道加剧了收入不平等程度，另一方面以推动母国的金融发展与教育拓展等方式对收入差距产生削减效果；OFDI对收入差距的影响在不同经济发展水平、不同地理区位的国家中具有异质性：当人均GDP小于5767.53美元时，对外直接投资强度显著地扩大了母国收入差距，当人均GDP超过5767.53美元时，二者之间不存在显著的线性关系；欧洲国家的OFDI与收入差距之间呈现出"倒U型"关系，美洲、亚洲国家的OFDI促进了母国收入差距的扩大，非洲国家的OFDI对收入差距无显著影响；此外，OFDI对母国收入差距的影响具有跨期效应，随着时间推移与OFDI存量增加，其间接效应的边际效果有所减弱。     

Dimensions of work–home culture and their relations with the use of work–home arrangements and work–home interaction

Abstract

This study examined the associations of work–home culture with (a) demographic and organizational characteristics, (b) the use of work–home arrangements, and (c) negative and positive work–home interaction, among 1,179 employees from one public and two private organizations. Substantial support was found for a 2-factor structure of a work–home culture measure differentiating between “support” (employees’ perceptions of organization's, supervisors’, and colleagues’ responsiveness to work–family issues and to the use of work–home arrangements) and “hindrance” (employees’ perceptions of career consequences and time demands that may prevent them from using work–home arrangements). This 2-factor structure appeared to be invariant across organizations, gender, and parental status. Significant relationships with organizational characteristics, the use of work–home arrangements, and work–home interaction supported the validity of these two cultural dimensions. It is concluded that if employers want to minimize work–home interference, to optimize positive work–home interaction, and to boost the use of work–home arrangements, they should create a work–home culture that is characterized by high support and low hindrance.     

关于公众对换房旅游的感知研究——以苏、浙、湘、鄂、川、渝为例

以公众问卷调查为基础,苏、浙、湘、鄂、川、渝为研究样本,探讨和研究公众对于换房旅游这一新型旅游产品和旅游形式的感知和接受程度。研究表明:(1)公众对于换房旅游缺乏了解和难于接受;(2)是否签订换房交换协议、自家财物安全是影响公众选择换房旅游的两大主要因素;(3)年轻人群成为未来换房旅游的主力;(4)换房旅游呈现大城市→中等城市→小城市的单向发展轨迹模式。     

智慧居家养老服务精准供给的德国实践与启示

智慧居家养老服务供需错位严重影响供给效率,精准供给已成为完善供给体系的必由之路。供需双方注意力的不断嵌入使智慧居家养老服务实现精准供给成为可能,但精准化理念下的智慧居家养老供给体系建设在注意力嵌入、加工、同步和交换方面对供需双方注意力系统提出更高要求。经历初步探索期、综合推进期和巩固夯实期等发展阶段后,德国智慧居家养老领域已初步形成了多主体混合筹资、政企社多元供给、政府双环节监管的以政府为主导的混合供给模式。此模式下,德国政府通过颁布法律条例、完善法定保险、资助技术开发、开展老年数字教育等一系列措施,在推动供需注意力嵌入、引导供给决策加工、提升注意力交换效率等方面均有所进展,但也存在供方注意力配置优化不足、供需注意力交换效率低下等问题。尽管中德国情有异,但德国的有益实践仍能为我国智慧居家养老领域解决“供需错位”难题提供启发。以德为镜,我国在推进智慧居家养老服务精准供给过程中应着力建立引导注意力加工的法律支撑体系、加强推动注意力嵌入的要素支持力度、健全注意力高效运行的经济保障机制、搭建注意力高度同步的协同供给机制等。     

朱厄特《乡村医生》中父母教养方式与孩子的成长

长期以来，萨拉·朱厄特的《乡村医生》被普遍认为是作家为了实现儿时的学医梦想和感激父亲的教养之恩而创作的一部带有自传性质的小说。其实，作家创作《乡村医生》还有另外一个目的，那就是通过小说来描写和对照“放任型”“专制型”“权威型”等不同类型的父母教养方式，巧妙地“参与”到她所处时代的关于父母教养方式与孩子成长关系等社会话题的讨论中。在作家看来，“放任型”教养方式下的孩子，其个性发展由于得不到父母必要的引导和约束而会出现成长失控，甚至产生悲剧；而“专制型”教养方式下的孩子，则因为父母过分地约束和压制其个性发展而成长受挫，难以在社会上有所作为。正是意识到“放任型”“专制型”教养方式都存在缺陷，会给孩子的发展带来伤害，朱厄特还在《乡村医生》中积极探索更有利于孩子成长的教养方式。她将自己接受父母“权威型”教养方式的成长经历融入小说创作中，并自信地对其加以推荐。相较于另外两种教养方式，“权威型”教养方式下的孩子不仅能感受到来自父母的关注和重视，也能享受到父母给予的民主和自由，个性得以健全发展，从而更加快乐自然地成长，实现人生价值。这也是作家在教养方式方面的远见卓识。