脱贫成效精准:脱贫户获得感测度及其影响因素

从脱贫户获得感维度检验中国脱贫的实践效应。通过对广东省48 村1 518 已脱贫农户的调查研究,发现其家庭人均年收入持续增长且比已知脱贫收入线显著偏高,产业扶贫对收入增长的作用显著;脱贫户基于家庭劳动力人数、老人数和学生子女数等客观需求,多数自觉获得了体现客观机会获得的脱贫政策福利;脱贫户拥有较高的获得感,并没因调查个体的人口特征而存在差异,其显著地与客观需求呈负相关,与客观获得呈正相关,需求既定时客观获得增加,则获得感会显著提升,这意味着新时代基于需求-获得-满足的精准扶贫逻辑具有实践效应。在客观获得确定而需求增加时,获得感会显著偏低,收入的影响作用最大。因此,后脱贫时代需要继续推进乡村产业发展,加强对劳动力的职业技能培训和乡村教育扶持力度,从外部基础、成人主体内在动力和代际发展潜力来保障和提升脱贫成效的持续性。     

Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

无金属基底吸波结构对TE波的反射

详细分析了ＴＥ极化波以大角度入射到无金属基底的平面多层吸波结构上时的反射特性,导出连接层间电磁场的通用矩阵公式,计算了两层和三层吸波结构的反射系数,并证明了在何种条件下可以获得低的反射率,在此基础上提出了一个简易设计方法。对进气道和进气道内吸波导流板的两层和三层材料设计都获得了良好的特性。     

减少流液洞中玻璃液回流

分析了流液洞中玻璃液流情况,提出了流液洞设计和使用中消除或减少回流的措施。     

The majority legal status of women in southern Africa: implications for women and families

Women in many countries of southern Africa do not have majority status or have only recently gained this right. Majority status grants individuals adult legal status and the right to bring matters to court, own and administer property, have legal custody of children, and contract for marriage. This article summarizes the legal status of women in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lack of majority status contributes to the ongoing risk of poverty for women and makes them overly dependent on men. Compounding the situation in these countries is the presence of a dual legal system. Improving the situation of women and their families involves targeting changes in the legal system, influencing implementation of laws, educating women about their rights, and giving women needed support to seek their legal rights. The legal status of women must be viewed in the context of historical changes in the economic, educational, political, and cultural developments of society.The research for this paper was conducted during her previous faculty affiliation with the University of Michigan, School of Social Work. Her research interests include the impact of social change on women and families, rural mental health services, and health and mental health linkages. She received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University and her M.S.W. from the Columbia University School of Social Work.Her research interests are gender, work and family, culture and power, social transformations in rural and peri-urban communities, critical education, women and community politics, history of women, family and kinship issues, and community-based program development and evaluation. She received her M.S.W. from Dalhousie University, Halifax.     

论中国脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新

党的十八大以来,我国扶贫开发进入脱贫攻坚阶段。脱贫攻坚理论与实践创新不断深化推进,不仅彰显脱贫攻坚在决胜全面小康社会进程中的重要地位,也预示贫困研究与贫困干预模式的转型。在习近平扶贫思想引导下,坚持精准扶贫精准脱贫方略,推进扶贫体制、机制、路径的改革创新。顶层设计日益完善,实践领域不断破局,取得了前所未有的减贫成效。基于打赢脱贫攻坚战的实践经验与现实需要,贫困研究和反贫困实践的互动愈加频繁,新理论引导实践不断创新发展,实践发展又为理论创新拓展经验基础。脱贫攻坚“理论[CD*2]政策[CD*2]实践”互动转换,建构了意识形态话语与政策科学研究的互动空间,避免了学术研究成果与现实发展需求的割裂,也激发了学术与政策领域的研究活力。推进这一模式的发展与完善不仅有助于脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新,也有助于为世界减贫提供中国方案。     

西部山区农民易地扶贫搬迁意愿的影响因素

从现在到2020年是打赢脱贫攻坚战的关键时期,从农民自身角度研究搬迁意愿,对加快实施易地扶贫移民搬迁具有重要意义。研究依据西方微观人口迁移理论：地方效用理论、计划行为理论和效价[CD*2]期望理论,整合构建了中国国情下由政府引导的易地扶贫搬迁意愿的理论分析框架。以陕南移民搬迁为例,在验证性因子分析的基础上,运用有序Logit模型和最优尺度模型对理论假设进行检验。结果显示：①心理因素、政策和预期因素、环境因素对搬迁意愿具有显著影响 ②控制变量中家庭人口数、非农劳动力比例、家庭成员求学婚姻等控制变量与搬迁意愿显著相关;③没有搬迁的主要的顾虑是搬迁后找不到工作、城镇生活成本高、搬迁成本高、搬迁后的适应等问题。研究建议政府部门在搬迁补助、就业安置、搬迁后适应等方面加大支持力度,增强搬迁的信心。     

精准扶贫与老年贫困消减

精准扶贫是针对以往粗放型扶贫方式提出的扶贫方略。 提高扶贫效率,实现社会公平是精准扶贫的核心要件。 老年贫困人口是贫困群体的主体,要低成本、高效率地消减老年贫困问题,要更多地依靠社会保障制度建设,即更多地依靠制度性力量,更多地依赖市场力量。 只有建立和完善与我国社会发展阶段相契合的“ 普惠+特惠冶 的基本社会保障制度,才能真正实现老年人口精准扶贫的政策初衷,从而提升社会的效率与公平。     

大数据和企业精准营销相关性分析

对大数据和企业精准营销相关性的分析能够为精准营销的实施提供基础和技术平台,为企业对大数据的管理提供一定的方向,将很大程度影响企业的竞争力和发展。在拟定大数据和精准营销指标体系基础上,通过对黑龙江省服务业、商业企业、制造业和现代农业企业进行问卷调查,运用结构方程模型分析其相关性。分析结果显示,大数据与精准营销具有显著相关性,客户数据挖掘对大数据具有显著影响,精准广告投放对精准营销具有显著影响。据此指出,企业应当充分利用大数据技术,注重客户数据挖掘,提高营销的精准性,使其能适应市场竞争带来的机遇与挑战。     

接点治理：论精准扶贫过程中的“村民评议”——对湘西B村的个案研究

作为深入乡土社会的“事件”,精准扶贫触发了国家政权和乡土社会之间的分歧。在数字化治理技术与乡土生活模糊性之间、国家正式权力与农村内生秩序之间、“区分逻辑”与乡土社会“平均主义”之间,两者存在明显差异。面对分歧,农村基层在精准扶贫过程中采取“村民评议”制度形成“接点治理”格局。研究发现,村民评议形成的接点治理主要包括以下治理机制：以熟人社会构成治理的信息机制,以多元主体参与构成治理的权威机制,以协商讨论构成治理的合法化机制。这一制度创造了新型制度场域和治理接点,有利于实现国家政权与乡土社会之间的融合。推进对湘西B村“村民评议”的个案分析,发掘其中的治理机制,完善其中存在的不足,实现从接点分离到接点融合,推进基层社会的有效治理。