区域可持续发展及其评价

通过对可持续发展、城市可持续性发展、城市可持续性发展评价指标和评价方法及区域的概念、区域发展模型和区域可持续发展的深入分析,明确显示出地理信息系统是可持续发展理论的有效实现技术.     

ViewGIS在造林设计中的应用

充分利用ViewGIS软件功能,结合研究区域的具体情况,首次尝试将ViewGIS应用到文县城关南山绿化设计中.根据外业调查资料,用计算机完成造林内业设计工作,极大的提高工作效率和精度,使设计图更具有直观性.实现数据管理操作和多源信息管理一体化,提升造林工程的设计和管理水平.     

Modeling Exposure to Air Pollution from the WTC Disaster Based on Reports of Perceived Air Pollution

We examined the utility of a newly developed perceived air pollution (PAP) scale and of a modeled air pollution (MAP) scale derived from it for predicting previously observed birth outcomes of pregnant women enrolled following September 11, 2001. Women reported their home and work locations in the four weeks after September 11, 2001 and the PAP at each site on a four-point scale designed for this purpose. Locations were geocoded and their distance from the World Trade Center (WTC) site determined. PAP values were used to develop a model of air pollution for a 20-mile radius from the WTC site. MAP values were assigned to each geocoded location. We examined the relationship of PAP and MAP values to maternal characteristics and to distance of home and work sites from the WTC site. Both PAP and MAP values were highly correlated with distance from the WTC. Maternal characteristics that were associated with PAP values reported for home or work sites (race, demoralization, material hardship, first trimester on September 11) were not associated with modeled MAP values. Relationships of several birth outcomes to proximity to the WTC, which we previously reported using this data set, were also seen when MAP values were used as the measure of exposure, instead of proximity. MAP developed from reports of PAP may be useful to identify high-risk areas and predict health outcomes when there are multiple sources of pollution and a "distance from source" analysis is impossible.     

地理信息系统（GIS）在土地利用与交通系统研究中的应用

介绍了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及其在土地利用与交通系统研究中应用的现状，给出了土地利用／交通系统的ＧＩＳ应用软件的系统设计，论述了地理信息系统在土地利用／交通系统中的模式和应用的核心问题。     

基于小区域精确淹没算法的地道桥淹没分析与动态模拟

城市地道桥地势低洼，暴雨时易发生积水，不仅对交通产生较大影响，而且对不知水深进入地道桥的车辆、行人的生命财产安全构成威胁。通过对城市地道桥及周边小区域地形特征分析，改进了种子蔓延算法，解决了小区域汇水区域面积划分不准确的问题。通过对地道桥暴雨淹没的过程分析及汇水量与淹没深度计算，能快速模拟出积水区域并动态显示积水深度。通过对三维GIS软件skyline的二次开发，实现了对地道桥暴雨淹没分析及动态模拟，为市政排水及交通应急提供决策支持。     

GIS analysis of urban schoolyard landcover in three U.S. cities

Although there has been considerable interest in the rejuvenation and greening of inner-city schoolyards for several decades, recent studies on the behavioral and environmental impacts of greenspace, particularly tree cover, suggest that greenspace on schools may be more important than previously understood. However, little is known about the conditions and landcover of urban schoolyards. To understand the structure of the landcover on city schoolyards, this study used Geographic Information System software to classify and compare landcover on 258 U.S. public elementary and middle schools in Baltimore, MD, Boston, MA, and Detroit, MI. For all three cities, schoolyard was found to cover, on average, more than 68% of the school property, which was an average of 1.0–2.5 ha in size. Boston’s schoolyards (circa 1995) were notably smaller from those in Baltimore and Detroit, and they had far more impervious surface. On average, schoolyards were dominated by turf grass and impervious surface, while tree canopy occupied the smallest fraction of schoolyard landcover (approximately 10%). In light of these findings, we conclude by discussing how greening might be achieved on these and other yards.     

高原高山区人口分布特征及影响机制研究——基于空间计量经济学视角

提出并评述了关于人口分布传统研究的三个衍生问题:空间尺度不同可能产生"人口分布悖论"现象、空间相互独立的假设不尽合理、特定空间区域人口分布的复杂性。以此为切入点,通过空间计量分析方法,探讨中国川西高原高山区人口分布特征。研究表明,全局Moran's I值为0.7404,指示川西复杂地形区人口分布有十分显著的集群特征。以川西48个县域单元为对象,建立人口密度与相关影响因子的OLS估计、SLM估计和SEM估计,经空间依赖性检验,发现空间计量回归模型明显优于普通最小二乘回归模型,表明考虑了空间依赖性的估计方法能更好的刻画人口空间分布特征;经相关判别检验,确立SLM为最优模型,其纠正了OLS模型总体上高估自然环境因子而低估经济社会因子对人口密度影响的缺陷。并以SLM估计结果为基础分析了川西人口分布特征,特别解析了川西"人口分布悖论"的事实和原因。     

Resource Accessibility and Walkability Among Older Adults in Extended-Stay Hotels

Older adults represent a large and growing population group in the United States. This population cohort is projected to grow to 72.1 million, or 19% of the total population, by 2030, up from 40 million in 2010 (Administration on Aging, 2011; Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2012). Despite reported decreases in the proportion of older adults living in poverty in recent years, inequities prevail. Approximately 40% of older American households reported housing cost burdens¹Cost burdens are expenditures on housing and utilities that exceed 30% of household income. (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2012). Many of these low-income older adults live in socially and economically marginalized positions, and housing them remains a major challenge complicated by (a) limited affordable housing options and (b) chronic health conditions that seriously undermine long-term health and mobility. In a study on the impacts of public housing transformation in Atlanta, Oakley, Reid, & Ruel (2011) reported that 26% of seniors entered public housing because of a health condition or disability. According to Smith (2006), seniors in public housing are in worse health than other older Americans, even other poor older Americans suffering from such chronic health conditions as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and asthma. Despite these realities, Ball (2012) has noted that older adults receive little attention in comprehensive development planning beyond specialized age-segregated retirement and care communities. Salkin (2009) echoes similar concerns about the tendency toward housing initiatives and designs for more affluent older adults. She commented that most states have focused attention on programs that are best suited for seniors who do not have the same income limitations as those who are truly on fixed incomes and living close to the poverty level (Salkin, 2009). While public housing remains the predominant affordable housing option for low-income older adults, such housing is out of reach for many low-income older adults who find themselves displaced and homeless. As a result, some of these adults move into extended-stay hotels to remain sheltered.     

广东省产业结构的空间格局:基于GIS的分析

本文运用地理信息系统技术与产业比较集中系数的方法讨论分析了广东省产业结构空间数据以及产业布局的演变历程,总结出多个变化特点。最后结合当地实际情况、优势资源和政府政策等,提出了优化方案和调整建议。