Acute Exposure to Extremely Hazardous Substances: An Analysis of Environmental Equity

Although environmental equity research has focused primarily on chronic pollution sources, recent advances in environmental modeling and geographic information systems (GIS) provide a foundation for developing measures that can be used to evaluate differential exposure to acute pollution events. This article describes a methodology that uses facility-specific information to develop a risk surface representing the spatial distribution of accidental exposure to hazardous substances in a study area. Environmental pollution models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were used in conjunction with GIS software to achieve this objective. The methodology was implemented in a large metropolitan region (Hillsborough County, Florida) to examine disproportionate exposure to worst-case releases of extremely hazardous substances. The environmental inequity hypothesis was investigated by directly comparing the distribution of potential exposures within each racial (non-White versus White) and income (below poverty versus above poverty) subgroup. The results indicate that a significantly large proportion of both non-White and impoverished individuals resided in areas potentially exposed to multiple accidental releases.     

Opportunities for enhancing communication in settlement upgrading with geographic information technology-based support tools

For many residents in developing cities, informal settlements are the sole avenue of access to shelter and basic services, however poor in quality. The need to improve the living conditions in such areas is once again receiving high priority on the international and national development agendas. Current approaches to settlement upgrading favour the adoption of community-based, participatory styles of planning and management. Upgrading inevitably also requires the use, albeit in cooperation with local residents, of more traditional planning and design methods which depend in part on the ability to analyse the physical setting of a given settlement and prepare appropriate solutions to specific problems. Using several examples from informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, it will be shown how a hybrid approach to spatial data provision that incorporates both the traditional sources of spatial data and some of the more participatory approaches can be beneficial. The hybrid approach built around the use of a series of low-cost, up to date aerial mosaics provides relevant spatial data that is relevant and usable by both residents and professionals, thereby presenting opportunities for more communicative and transparent discussions between actors on possible interventions in the settlement.     

浅谈地理信息系统在地下管道管理中的应用

本文主要阐述了GIS的原理及其在城市地下管道网络中的应用。在GIS基础上开发的管理系统主要是将各种管道数据进行空间分析、三雏建模，图形输出。并且系统要能迅速查明地下管网状态，并能实现计算机动态信息管理。从而满足城市建设的需要。     

GIS在高校校园规划与管理中的应用

介绍了高校校园规划与管理中GIS应用的必要性,在此基础上根据现有的GIS技术,提出了一个可行的应用方案。     

传统采矿专业教学中引入GIS的研究

矿山数据既包含属性数据,又包含空间定位信息,利用GIS技术可以实现对这两种数据的统一管理,推动数字矿山建设。GIS技术在矿业领域具有越来越重要的位置,将GIS技术引入到采矿专业的教学中,将拓宽学生知识面,提升学生就业率。     

基于GIS的宁夏人口经济压力空间分布研究

空间分析是深入探索空间特征的重要技术,因此作者利用空间分析中的主成分分析方法和空间自相关分析对宁夏人口经济压力分类及其分布关系进行了深入探索,结果表明,宁夏人口经济压力从北部向南部逐渐增大,在空间分布关系上人口经济压力呈现明显的组团模式,北部区域以银川为核心呈低—低关联模式,南部区域以原州区为核心呈高—高关联模式。     

基于GIS的铁路建设项目投资管理信息系统设计研究

针对铁路建设项目,从投资控制的角度,明确建立投资管理信息系统的思路原则,构建了该信息系统的框架结构;并将GIS技术、网络技术以及多媒体技术引入到铁路建设信息管理系统中去,达到有效控制投资的目标.     

The use of GIS in exploring settlement patterns of the ethnic groups in Nan,Thailand

This article implemented geographic information system and spatial statistics to explore the settlement patterns of ethnic groups in Nan, Thailand, in relation to geographic factors. The general findings reveal that people of the same ethnic group tend to live in clustered fashion. In addition, ethnic groups located on an elevation of 200–500 m above the mean sea level tend to live near both roads and rivers (within 1 km), while those on higher elevations tend to live further away from roads and rivers. Furthermore, the unique characteristics of the settlement patterns of each ethnic group were also identified.     

SMPD Scenarios of Spatial Distribution of Human Population in China

Three scenarios of spatial distribution of human population in China are developed in the years 2010 and 2020, respectively by means of the method of surface modeling of population distribution (SMPD). Each one of the SMPD scenarios is defined as a plausible alternative future under particular assumptions of elevation, water system, net primary productivity (NPP), urbanization, transport infrastructure development, and population growth. The SMPD scenarios show that if population could freely migrate within the whole China, the balanced ratios of population in the western region, the middle region and the eastern region to total population in the whole China would be 16%, 33% and 52%, respectively.     

地理信息系统（GIS）在农业产业化中的应用——以土壤全氮的空间分析为例

农业产业化是加快城乡一体化进程的重要保障,是提高农民增收、农业增效的有效方法,而信息技术在农业产业化上的广泛应用,更加促进了农业产业化全过程的信息化、高效益化。以地理信息系统对土壤全氮空间尺度特征的研究分析为例,论述了该系统作为当代信息技术的重要组成部分对农业产业化发展中土壤肥力评价、合理施肥以及作物选种等土地管理与利用所具有的重要指导作用。