反思“封贡体系”:10至13世纪东亚国际体系的一个侧面

关于古代东亚国际体系理论的研究,学界已取得丰硕的成果。然而学界的研究多集中在“汉唐东亚”与“明清东亚”,根据汉唐时期或明清时期的东亚国际体系所提炼出的要素对于10至13世纪的东亚解释力不足。虽然学界关于10至13世纪东亚各政权间具体问题的探讨,为宏观探讨同时期东亚国际体系奠定坚实基础,但仍未步入理论层面。制度化的封贡体系的形成时间正是在11世纪初,即辽朝中期。缺乏对10至13世纪的东亚国际体系的整体把握,无法正确、深刻地理解东亚是怎样由“汉唐东亚”步入“明清东亚”,进而也就无法正确认知当代东亚国际问题的历史症结所在。     

Perturbation analysis for an orthogonal least-squares estimator

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are used to check the geometric integrity of component parts. The geometric constraints to which a part must conform, as defined e.g., by The American National Standards Institute, assume the use of some type of gauging system when inspecting the part. Statistical issues arise in interpretting CMM data in the inspection of part tolerances. We consider a set of n planar regions on the surface of a part. The unit vector normal to each plane is estimated by orthogonal least squares. The small-sample density of this estimator (on the unit sphere S²) is determined asymptotically as the variance of the CMM error approaches 0. To a first-degree approximation, this density is Fisher-von Mises. Diagnostics are reviewed to test the geometric constraint that the n planar regions are oriented correctly with respect to one another, and to test the flatness of planar regions.     

Confidence regions for the common mean vector of several multivariate normal populations

Suppose that there are independent samples available from several multivariate normal populations with the same mean vector m? but possibly different covariance matrices. The problem of developing a confidence region for the common mean vector based on all the samples is considered. An exact confidence region centered at a generalized version of the well-known Graybill-Deal estimator of m? is developed, and a multiple comparison procedure based on this confidence region is outlined. Necessary percentile points for constructing the confidence region are given for the two-sample case. For more than two samples, a convenient method of approximating the percentile points is suggested. Also, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the methods. Further, for the bivariate case, the proposed confidence region and the ones based on individual samples are compared numerically with respect to their expected areas. The numerical results indicate that the new confidence region is preferable to the single-sample versions for practical use.     

东亚合作进程的制约因素探析

东亚合作尽管发展势头良好,成绩显著,但东亚各国由于利益不同,发展层次不同,再加上东亚地区复杂战略因素,特别是中日争夺东亚主导权等诸多因素,使得东亚合作不可能一帆风顺,而是在曲折中发展。     

Some methods for constructing C-designs

Block designs having a property described by Caliński (1971) and Saha (1976), referred to as C-property, are further considered. A necessary and sufficient condition for a block design to have the C-property is given by Saha (1976) and another by Ceranka and Koz?owska (1983). In this paper some methods for constructing such block designs are presented.     

Edgeworth expansion for signed linear rank statistics with regression constants

An Edgeworth expansion with remainder o(N^?1) is obtained for signed linear rank statistics under suitable assumptions. The theorem is proved for a wide class of score generating functions including the Chi-quantile function by adapting van Zwet's methodand Does's conditioning arguments.     

Bahadur efficiency of the F-test

Extremal problems in large deviations of the F-statistic are considered. It is shown that the slowest rate of convergence over a specified class of distributions of the F-statistic is slower than exponential, and that the Bahadur efficiency of the F-statistic with respect to some distribution-free competitors is identically zero.     

Some methods for constructing efficiency-balanced block designs

Three methods are presented for constructing connected efficiency-balanced block designs from other block designs with the same properties. The resulting designs differ from the original ones in the number of blocks and/or in the number of experimental units and their arrangement, while the number of treatments remains unaltered. Some remarks on the proposed methods of construction refer also to variance-balanced block designs.     

Serial P-values

When a collection of hypotheses is to be tested it is necessary to maintain a bound on the simultaneous Type I error rate. Serial P-values are used to define a serial test that does provide such a bound. Moreover, serial P-values are meaningful in the context of multiple tests, with or without the ‘rejection-confirmation’ decisions. The method is particularly suited to the analysis of unbalanced data, especially contingency tables.     

Combining coordinates in simultaneous estimation of normal means

The problem of combining coordinates in Stein-type estimators, when simultaneously estimating normal means, is considered. The question of deciding whether to use all coordinates in one combined shrinkage estimator or to separate into groups and use separate shrinkage estimators on each group is considered. A Bayesian viewpoint is (of necessity) taken, and it is shown that the ‘combined’ estimator is, somewhat surprisingly, often superior.