大学的法治与大学生权利保护

大学法治要求大学的管理者在处理大学各项事务中必须体现法治精神,依法决策、依法办事,把学校各项工作纳入法治化轨道.由于观念因素和制度因素的缺陷,大学生在受教育权、名誉权、隐私权、财产权、申诉权等方面还不同程度的受到一定侵犯.因此,作为管理者的大学还需要更新管理理念,强化法治意识,健全程序法治,推进民主建设,完善申诉机制,落实权利救济.     

一种新的右手定则替代佛莱铭左手及右手定则

大凡读过高中的人,都知道佛莱铭左手和右手定则,这种左、右定则很容易记错,有时要将手扭歪才能判定其方向,很难运用．为了方便学生记忆及方便判定方向,设法设计出一种新的右手定则,可以同时判定磁场对电流的作用力及磁场中导线所产生的感生电流的方向,显然这种右手定则是一个创新．     

The Bayes rule of the variance parameter of the hierarchical normal and inverse gamma model under Stein's loss

For the variance parameter of the hierarchical normal and inverse gamma model, we analytically calculate the Bayes rule (estimator) with respect to a prior distribution IG (alpha, beta) under Stein's loss function. This estimator minimizes the posterior expected Stein's loss (PESL). We also analytically calculate the Bayes rule and the PESL under the squared error loss. Finally, the numerical simulations exemplify that the PESLs depend only on alpha and the number of observations. The Bayes rules and PESLs under Stein's loss are unanimously smaller than those under the squared error loss.     

Calculable Power: A Case Study of IMF Quotas and Voting Rights Reform*

Voting procedure is an important mechanism for public choice in collective bodies such as international organizations. This paper measures and compares IMF member countries’ voting power before the 2008 reform and after the 2010 reform on the basis of datasets on IMF quotas and voting rights distribution provided by IMF. Our study verifies that IMF’s quotas and voting rights reforms do help to reduce the voting power gap among member countries. The 2008 and 2010 reforms produce a greater improvement in emerging members’ voting power under the 70 percent majority rule than the 85 percent rule; the 70 percent majority rule means the United States would lose its absolute veto. Moreover, the paper disproves the underlying assumption that regards a member’s voting power as proportional to its voting rights. Countries with different amounts of voting rights can still have the same voting power.     

Reciprocal relationships in tax compliance decisions

Reciprocity considerations are important to the tax compliance problem as they may explain the global dynamics of tax evasion, beyond individual tax evasion decisions, toward a downward or upward spiral. To provide evidence on reciprocity in tax compliance decisions, we have conducted a laboratory experiment in which we introduced two types of inequities. The first type of inequity is called vertical, because it refers to inequities introduced by the government when it sets different fiscal parameters for identical taxpayers, while the second type of inequity is called horizontal because it refers to the fact that taxpayers may differ in tax compliance decisions. In this setting, taxpayers may react to a disadvantageous or advantageous inequity through negative or positive reciprocal behaviors, respectively. Our results support the existence of negative and positive reciprocity in both vertical and horizontal cases. When both inequities come into play and may induce reciprocal behaviors in opposite directions, the horizontal always dominates the vertical.     

规则意识的社会政治依托--政治文明

规则意识的缺失并不是现在才有的,也不单单是某一领域的具体问题。培育和提高规则意识,必须依托于一定的社会政治文化环境,起关键作用的是政治文明的程度。只有政治文明的提高、民主参与的扩大、社会平等的提升,才会为培育和提高规则意识提供坚实的基础和适宜的土壤。     

法治概念属性释义

当前对法治的理解仍然比较混乱,有必要澄清。法治是个政治概念而不是个法律概念,它不同于执法和司法。法治其实就是依法治国;法治是与人治相对立的政治概念;法治不等同于法制;法治以民主为前提,并保障民主,民主是法治的灵魂。     

Separating psychological momentum from strategic momentum: Evidence from men’s professional tennis

In dynamic contests, strategic momentum and psychological momentum potentially coexist, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the two. We employ the setting of professional tennis, which allows us to separate psychological from strategic momentum. In tennis, converting a break point potentially triggers both strategic momentum—due to a change in the relative position of the players—and psychological momentum—due to a change in the perception of the players. To distinguish between these two momentum types, we employ exogenously given interruptions. Interruptions are predicted to affect psychological momentum negatively, while leaving strategic momentum unaffected. Using 4930 game-by-game observations from 141 Grand Slam men’s single matches, we show that the breaking players’ probability of winning a game increases after converting a break point, which provides evidence for momentum. Moreover, we show that this momentum effect is negatively affected by an interruption. Thus, psychological momentum seems to be the main trigger leading to a performance increase after a converted break point.     

以制度和法治保护少数民族权利——中国民族区域自治的路径与经验

对少数人权利的保护,包括两个基本的面向:其一是主权国家依照宪法和相关法律对国内那些因人口、宗教或民族身份处于少数地位的群体从经济、政治、文化诸方面在平等、非歧视的原则基础上给予保障和保护;其二是主权国家依照国际法,通过加入相关的国际公约和条约在促进和实现少数人权利方面进行国际合作,并保证对侵犯少数人权利的行为加以防止和惩治。中国关于少数人权利的保护更多地强调制度和法治的途径,通过依法赋予少数民族特殊的优惠政策的方式凸显和确保少数民族的权利。     

中文网络客户评论的产品特征挖掘方法研究

随着互联网的广泛应用,在Blog、BBS、Wiki等网络站点中出现了大量的针对商品或服务的客户评论,这些客户评论中所包含的丰富信息,对企业管理具有重要的价值.通过数据挖掘算法对客户针对某一产品的大量评论进行分析,可以挖掘出这些产品的主要特征,并有望进一步发现客户对这些特征的意见和态度.在英文世界中已经有学者开始对这一研究进行探索,然而由于语言结构等方面的差异,英文的研究成果尚无法直接应用于中文客户评论的挖掘中.本研究针对中文的特点,提出了面向中文的客户评论挖掘方法.该方法基于改进关联规则算法实现了针对中文产品评论的产品特征信息挖掘.本研究采用通过互联网获得的针对手机、数码相机、书籍等5种产品的评论语料,对该方法进行了数据实验,实验结果初步验证了该方法有效性.