试析戊戌政变后康有为思想停滞倒退的原因

本文从思想史的角度,揭示了康有为在戊戌变法后思想滞后几方的原因,在分析其受到社会及传统文化影响的同时,特别探讨了他政治人性化的消极作用。     

关于“反哺同步于反刍”发展模式的思考

对中国现阶段所处发展环境的认识从何种角度切入，将直接决定中国的发展模式。本文从发展社会学角度出发，综观中国现阶段发展所处的工业社会和后工业社会背景，全面思考当代中国“反哺同步于反刍”的发展模式。     

华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)的饲养管理和繁殖研究

为了更有效地保护世界濒临灭绝的华南虎,通过对一对人为环境下的华南虎幼体停止每周停食一天,培养种虎间和种虎与人间感情,逐渐建立虎的条件反射,避免各种因子对神虎的危害等一系列新的饲养管理方法,使种虎不仅成长健康,而且在五年期间连续生殖19头幼虎。这是目前人为环境下,保护濒临灭绝华南虎的有效饲养管理方法和措施。     

A Welcome to the International Statistical Conferences

Criteria for assessing the effectiveness of a medical screening program are difficult to define; medical knowledge and screening procedures change rapidly, and self-selection at medical screens is unavoidable. This article discusses these and other basic issues in evaluation of medical screening programs with particular reference to results from the HIP breast cancer study. In addition, the article reviews various statistical models that describe the processes of disease and screening. The models are shown to be statistically indistinguishable in practice because of the small sample sizes typically available in medical screening trials. Finally the article suggests incorporating knowledge from clinical trials and from studies of robustness into statistical models designed to identify reasonable strategies for screening.     

Partner behaviours improving breastfeeding outcomes: An integrative review

ProblemThe impact of specific supportive behaviours of a woman’s partner on breastfeeding outcomes is unclear.BackgroundBreastfeeding is beneficial for the infant, mother, and society. Partner support plays a significant role in promoting breastfeeding. Strategies to improve breastfeeding rates have had limited success with rates worldwide remaining well below World Health Organization recommendations, contributing to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden globally.AimTo determine what specific supportive behaviours of a breastfeeding woman’s partner increase breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration rates in Western-culture settings.MethodsA Population-Interest-Context framework-based search strategy was applied to the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature Plus with full-text, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, limited to primary research published January 2008–December 2018 in English conducted in Western-culture settings.FindingsFrom 652 articles, after critical appraisal seven articles (eight studies) satisfied the requirements of this integrative review. Supportive behaviours were categorised as knowledge, help, encouragement, and responsiveness. Help and encouragement behaviours were associated with increased initiation. Results were mixed regarding behaviours affecting exclusivity and duration; however, responsiveness was found to ameliorate otherwise generally negative effects of knowledge, help, and encouragement on these outcomes.DiscussionConsistent with wider social support research, awareness of receiving support is associated with negative health consequences. However, where partner support is provided in a responsive manner as part of a ‘breastfeeding team’, thereby promoting the woman’s sense of autonomy and self-efficacy, breastfeeding outcomes improve.ConclusionResponsive partner behaviours improved breastfeeding outcomes in Western-culture settings. Further primary research is needed.     

Male breast cancer

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease. However, as global populace ages, there is a trend to MBC increasing. Although aetiology is still unclear, constitutional, environmental, hormonal (abnormalities in estrogen/androgen balance) and genetic (positive family history, Klinefelter syndrome, mutations in BRCA1 and specially BRCA2) risk factors are already known. Clinic manifestation is painless hard and fixed nodule in the subareolar region in 75% of cases, with nipple commitment earlier than in women. Breast cancer has similar prognostic factors in males and females, among which axillary adenopathy (present in 40–55% cases) is the most important one. Although mammography, ultrasonography and scintigraphy can be useful tools in diagnosis; clinical assessment, along with a confirmatory biopsy, remains the main step in the evaluation of men with breast lesions. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most frequent histological type. The established standard of care is modified radical mastectomy followed by tamoxifen for endocrine-responsive positive disease, although other options are being explored. While similarities between breast cancer in males and females exist, it is not appropriate to extrapolate data from female disease to the treatment of male. There is a need for specific multi-institutional trials to better understanding of clinicopathologic features and establishment of optimal therapy for this disease.     

Parameterization and inference for nonparametric regression problems

We consider local likelihood or local estimating equations, in which a multivariate function () is estimated but a derived function () of () is of interest. In many applications, when most naturally formulated the derived function is a non-linear function of (). In trying to understand whether the derived non-linear function is constant or linear, a problem arises with this approach: when the function is actually constant or linear, the expectation of the function estimate need not be constant or linear, at least to second order. In such circumstances, the simplest standard methods in nonparametric regression for testing whether a function is constant or linear cannot be applied. We develop a simple general solution which is applicable to nonparametric regression, varying-coefficient models, nonparametric generalized linear models, etc. We show that, in local linear kernel regression, inference about the derived function () is facilitated without a loss of power by reparameterization so that () is itself a component of (). Our approach is in contrast with the standard practice of choosing () for convenience and allowing ()> to be a non-linear function of (). The methods are applied to an important data set in nutritional epidemiology.     

Probiotics and human lactational mastitis: A scoping review

ProblemLactational mastitis is a common condition amongst breastfeeding women. It is associated with decreased breastfeeding rates and often treated with antibiotics.BackgroundThe anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics have been identified as a potential treatment or prevention strategy for lactational mastitis leading to increased commercial and public interest. Despite the marketing of probiotics to women, evidence is still emerging as to its efficacy.Aim/MethodsThis scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to identify and examine the evidence around probiotic consumption and lactational mastitis. The review addressed the question; what is the evidence regarding probiotic consumption and human lactational mastitis? Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for randomised control trials (RCTs).FindingsFive RCTs met the inclusion criteria; three concerned probiotic consumption for the treatment of mastitis, two for the prevention of mastitis. All reported a lower incidence of mastitis in the probiotic groups.DiscussionAlthough potentially promising results were reported across all studies there were significant methodological limitations concerning; appropriately described baseline characteristics, study hypotheses, lack of power calculations, definitional issues, and potential conflicts of interest.ConclusionProbiotics may have utility for the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis. However only a few studies with significant limitations have been published to date. Well designed and conducted studies are needed before evidence-based recommendations can be made for use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis.     

生长獭兔和肉兔的饲喂方式、采食量及其效果比较试验

对生长獭兔和两个品种肉兔的饲喂采用以青饲料为主，适当补充精料，相间定时饲喂，自由饮水的方式，结果加州肉兔的幼兔和青年免比同期獭兔多采食青料25％～33．3％，生长速度分别比獭兔提高18．5％和20．4％；齐卡肉兔的初生重明显高于獭兔，产仔数明显低于獭兔，35日龄断奶成活率稍高于獭兔，幼兔日增重比獭兔提高17．6％。     

钢轨砂带磨削中的力特性分析

本文对钢轨砂带磨机中出现的“重磨”、“轻磨”、抱带、断带等问题进行了分析研究，并提出了解决上述问题的可行性方法。