Cooperation between newcomers and incumbents: The role of normative disagreements

Cooperation in groups often requires individual members to make costly contributions that benefit the group as a whole. Prior research suggests that shared norms can help to support ingroup cooperation by prescribing common standards of how much to contribute. These common standards may be disrupted when groups undergo membership change, i.e., when members from outgroups enter the ingroup. When newcomers and incumbents have different notions about how much to contribute, a normative disagreement ensues that could undermine cooperation and the extent to which individuals identify with the group. In a laboratory experiment, we manipulate whether newcomers and incumbents disagree about how much to contribute in a public goods game with peer punishment. We examine whether normative disagreement between newcomers and incumbents affects newcomer-incumbent relations in terms of group identification, the emergence of a social norm, and costly punishment. The main goal is to test whether normative disagreement and the resulting newcomer-incumbent relations harm cooperation in terms of contributions to the common good. We find that normative disagreement between newcomers and incumbents negatively affects the emergence of a shared social norm and lowers feelings of group identification. Contrary to expectations, normative disagreement does not affect cooperation negatively. Instead, participants adjust their behavior to each other’s standards, using punishment for norm enforcement. This punishment is especially directed at low-contributing newcomers, leading them to conform to the incumbents’ higher contribution standards.     

现代奥运会对举办城市公共游憩空间扩展影响的研究述评——兼论对2008年北京奥运会的借鉴意义

本文述评了国内外对现代奥运会的举办城市公共游憩空间扩展影响的研究,以“奥运设施更重要的功用是奥运会后服务于公众的公共游憩空间”这个观点为主线,探讨了对2008年北京奥运会的借鉴意义。     

广州城市建设中的文化传承——以亚运工程建设为例

以2010年底举办的广州亚运会为重大契机,广州市在八年建设筹备期间城市建设取得了众人瞩目的成就,通过理论与实际的例证,总结现代建筑传承传统文化的重要作用,阐明了城市建设以地域文化为灵魂的观点。     

张雪门的幼儿园游戏思想述评

本文主要介绍和梳理了《张雪门幼儿教育文集》一书中阐述的张雪门关于幼儿园游戏的基本思想,包括游戏的含义及目的、游戏的分类、游戏的选材标准、游戏的设备以及游戏的指导方法等问题,并分析了张雪门的幼儿园游戏思想对我国当代幼儿园游戏的几点启示。     

民主政治决策之博弈分析——以美国立宪选择为切入点

民主政治决策可以模制为一般性政治决策所包含的两阶段式的复杂博弈。如果通过博弈分析方法集中讨论麦迪逊式民主,即在政府各部门之间就有关解释宪法之意涵发生冲突时立法至上,那么就能真实地诠释美国民主之真谛。当然,主题研究更可能的目的在于,运用两阶段式博弈理论为公民和政府决策执行者诠释宪法提供更为有效的方法。     

Relative power: Material and contextual elements of efficacy in social dilemmas

In Step-Level Public Good (SPG) situations, groups of individuals can produce a public good if a sufficient number of them contribute. In SPG situations it is thus only rational for any group member to contribute if according to the beliefs of that group member her contribution is essential to the production of the public good. An individual's estimate of the impact of their contribution on the likelihood of public good production is known as their efficacy. The classic efficacy – cooperation hypothesis holds that individuals will be more likely to contribute if they estimate their contributions to be more necessary. Based on a game theoretical analysis of the SPG game, we contribute to the literature by identifying two distinct components of efficacy, viz. material efficacy and contextual efficacy. The former is based on objective characteristics of group members (such as resources, power, or skill) and the latter on beliefs about the material efficacy of other group members and expectations concerning their behavior. We present evidence from three experimental studies, showing how information on the distribution of material efficacy in the group can break the monotone material efficacy – cooperation relation. In addition, contrary to what one would expect based on both the efficacy – cooperation hypothesis and game theory, our results show that the effects of material efficacy are not mediated by contextual efficacy, both forms of efficacy having significant effects on behavior.     

中国对苏丹的石油外交:政企角色研究

中石油—苏丹项目作为当代中国石油外交的开山之作,在取得较大成功的同时也在国际社会上引发了不小争论,特別是中石油的国企身份使人们对其海外行为与政府意志之间的关系充满了种种猜测。基于此,本文选取政企角色作为研究视角,旨在探讨中国对苏丹石油外交中政府与中石油这一国有能源企业之间的角色关系,及其中国对苏石油外交绩效的影响与成因等。     

论以中关系的发展现状及其前景

60余年来的以中关系历经波折。在中华人民共和国成立后,以色列就寻求与新中国建立外交关系,但因朝鲜战争与万隆会议等故使得以中关系趋于冷淡并中断。中美缓和、以埃媾和以及中越战争为中以关系的发展提供了契机,香港开始成为中以军事、经济与政治合作的桥头堡,两国最终于1992年建交。由于以阿关系的反复、以色列对华武器出口中的美国压力以及中国内部的民族分离主义问题等因素,中国在以阿之间平衡取舍,影响其参与中东和平进程的成效。当前全球金融危机使国际社会普遍意识到中国的重要地位,以色列需要制定契合国际体系转型的对华新政策。     

从中国与海湾八国关系的发展看"中阿合作论坛"

对于中阿战略合作关系的思考,要建立在对中国与阿拉伯国家关系发展的历史和现状研究的基础上。双方关系既涉及到世界大国的因素,也涉及到与阿拉伯国家相邻的非阿拉伯国家的因素。对于中国与海湾八国关系发展的研究,是分析上述因素及其影响,并进而思考中阿战略合作关系的一个重要切入点。中国与海湾国家的关系,是由中国的外交战略、海湾地区的战略格局以及中国在海湾地区的国家利益等因素综合决定的。通过研究1958年以来中国与海湾八国关系的发展,有助于进一步发展中阿关系和推动"中阿合作论坛"的建设工作。     

“中阿合作论坛”框架下的中阿合作范式研究

2004年建立的“中阿合作论坛”顺应了中阿人民巩固传统友谊、加强互利双赢合作关系的共同要求,也体现了中阿关系的历久弥坚和中阿传统友谊的强大生命力。在新形势下,共同的目标、共同的任务、共同的利益,使中阿合作比以往任何时候都更加迫切和重要。全面发展中阿关系和深化中阿在各个领域的合作是大势所趋,是中阿关系持续发展的必然。