On C pk Assessment in the Presence of Tool Wear

Process capability indices are routinely used in manufacturing industries for process monitoring. A basic assumption while using process capability indices is that there are no assignable causes of variation present. However, when variation due to an assignable cause is present and is tolerated, the conventional methods of capability measurement become inaccurate. In this article, we suggest an estimate of C_pk assuming that the process capability changes dynamically. We obtain an exact form of the sampling distribution in the presence of a systematic assignable cause. We discuss the problem of testing whether a given process is capable. The critical values for different sample sizes are obtained based on the sampling distribution. An example involving tool wear problem is presented.     

Topological Performance Measures as Surrogates for Physical Flow Models for Risk and Vulnerability Analysis for Electric Power Systems

Critical infrastructure systems must be both robust and resilient in order to ensure the functioning of society. To improve the performance of such systems, we often use risk and vulnerability analysis to find and address system weaknesses. A critical component of such analyses is the ability to accurately determine the negative consequences of various types of failures in the system. Numerous mathematical and simulation models exist that can be used to this end. However, there are relatively few studies comparing the implications of using different modeling approaches in the context of comprehensive risk analysis of critical infrastructures. In this article, we suggest a classification of these models, which span from simple topologically‐oriented models to advanced physical‐flow‐based models. Here, we focus on electric power systems and present a study aimed at understanding the tradeoffs between simplicity and fidelity in models used in the context of risk analysis. Specifically, the purpose of this article is to compare performance estimates achieved with a spectrum of approaches typically used for risk and vulnerability analysis of electric power systems and evaluate if more simplified topological measures can be combined using statistical methods to be used as a surrogate for physical flow models. The results of our work provide guidance as to appropriate models or combinations of models to use when analyzing large‐scale critical infrastructure systems, where simulation times quickly become insurmountable when using more advanced models, severely limiting the extent of analyses that can be performed.     

The Multiscale Importance of Road Segments in a Network Disruption Scenario: A Risk‐Based Approach

This article addresses the problem of the multiscale importance of road networks, with the aim of helping to establish a more resilient network in the event of a road disruption scenario. A new model for identifying the most important roads is described and applied on a local and regional scale. The work presented here represents a step forward, since it focuses on the interaction between identifying the most important roads in a network that connect people and health services, the specificity of the natural hazards that threaten the normal functioning of the network, and an assessment of the consequences of three real‐world interruptions from a multiscale perspective. The case studies concern three different past events: road interruptions due to a flood, a forest fire, and a mass movement. On the basis of the results obtained, it is possible to establish the roads for which risk management should be a priority. The multiscale perspective shows that in a road interruption the regional system may have the capacity to reorganize itself, although the interruption may have consequences for local dynamics. Coordination between local and regional scales is therefore important. The model proposed here allows for the scaling of emergency response facilities and human and physical resources. It represents an innovative approach to defining priorities, not only in the prevention phase but also in terms of the response to natural disasters, such as awareness of the consequences of road disruption for the rescue services sent out to local communities.     

A Goodness-of-fit Test for Exponentiality Based on the Memoryless Property

In this investigation a test of goodness of fit for exponentiality is proposed. This procedure applies equally whether the scale and/or the location parameters of the distribution are known or not. The limiting null and non-null distributions of the test statistic are normal under minimal conditions. Monte Carlo critical values for small sample sizes are given and the power of the test is calculated for various alternatives showing that it compares favourably relatively to other more complicated published procedures.     

技术转移与文化生态和谐论析

技术转移与文化生态和谐的研究是现代科技发展的重要课题,技术转移产生文化异化;文化异化造成文化生态失衡;建构文化生态平衡机制;构建系统论、控制论和复杂性科学支持下的文化生态和谐的可持续机理,同时为技术转移营造良好的软着陆环境,加快地区经济发展。基于技术转移的文化生态和谐是技术转移下文化生态的演进过程,也是消除文化摩擦的认识与实践文化和谐对策的过程。技术转移下的文化生态和谐是复杂性、多元性、特色性的和谐,它兼容技术转移新的文化生态机理,文化生态和谐也必然营造更高层次技术转移的软着陆环境,通过竞争、选择、融合解决文化生态特殊性矛盾之间的思维路向。     

列斐伏尔《辩证唯物主义》的隐性逻辑——兼论日常生活批判理论的出场

列斐伏尔在《辩证唯物主义》一书中以异化为显性逻辑,展开对马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的解读。在这一显性逻辑的背后存在着一条隐性逻辑,即日常生活批判理论的出场。在该书中列氏对人类产生过程的理解具有明显的抽象性,并把这一抽象作为异化的根源,进而在日常生活中将之泛化,最后用“总体人”的假设完成了日常生活批评的出场。     

克门事件与北京政府时期的中美关系

一个美国商人死于非命,会对中美关系造成何种影响?1922年12月发生的克门事件为我们提供了一个可资分析的实例。美国商人克门于美国领事在场的情况下,在张家口被中国士兵枪击而殒命。关于事发的缘由,中美各执一词,事件的真相如何,还有待进一步的研究。事件的结局是,美方用尽计谋,最终其要求得到了满足。本案揭露出20世纪20年代中美关系中几个有趣的面向。首先,本案争议点即在于中美面子之争。其次,中国外交官的"亲美"倾向在所谓的"北洋外交"中,扮演着重要的角色。再次,北京政府背后的军阀政治的确制约着"北洋外交"。在实际的外交交涉中,有力的军闯控制着外交决策,而外交官不过只是办理交涉而已。     

What is the Point of Change? Change Point Detection in Relational Event Models

This paper presents an extension to the relational event model with change points (REM-CP) to study abrupt changes to social interaction behavior in temporal networks. A change point detection algorithm is proposed for exploring when and which network effects abruptly change, and a confirmatory approach to test the presence of a change point at a given moment. The effectiveness of the methodology was assessed with numerical simulations and NASA’s Apollo 13 mission data. The latter revealed dynamic communication behavior and identified time zones where most change points occurred, including around the time of the famous quote “Houston, we’ve had a problem.”     

Realism and Contingency

This paper constitutes an extended response to Athanasia Chalari's paper The Causal Impact of Resistance, which suggests that one may derive from internal conversations a causal explanation of resistance. In the context of our engagements with critical realism and digital research into social movements, we review Chalari's main argument, before applying it to a concrete case: the student protests in London, 2010. Whilst our account is sympathetic to Chalari's focus on interiority, we critique the individualism that is implicit in her argument, arguing that it emerges because of an underlying neglect of the relational aspects of resistance. Instead, we offer a relational realist analysis that treats resistance as process within an ontologically stratified account of reality that is mindful of the contingency of political acts. Taking this route, we establish resistance as an emergent relation, generative of distinctive “relational goods” in the context of collective action, which we locate at different levels of reality, as we move from an analysis of individual to collective reflexivity. In doing so we offer a sympathetic critique of Chalari, building on the thought provoking arguments contained within it, whilst also making a contribution to the theorisation of social movements and the “relational turn” within realist social theory (Archer, 2010, 2012).     

"九·一八事变"对东北农村宗族结构的影响

"九·一八事变"后,日本殖民势力深入中国东北农村,冲击了东北农村社会的宗族制度,使得民初以来宗族的变迁过程发生逆向性发展,宗族制的弱化过程发生改变而出现强化趋势,中断了中国东北农村社会正常的变迁过程.