3D打印技术在雕塑艺术创作中的应用

技术的创新总是能给实践活动带来便捷,提高实践的效率和成功率。3D打印技术的介入使雕塑艺术创作的效果有了更多的预知性、丰富了雕塑艺术创作的手段和材料,使雕塑艺术创作过程更为简单,特别是保证了雕塑家创作意图的准确实现。     

后现代意味与新写实小说

新写实小说是跨越20世纪80、90年代的唯一文学潮流。从文学价值学着眼,它对“宏大叙事”的解构主要表现在:宣告形而上意义与价值的无效,使意义与价值回到形而下,回到凡俗人生。因此,消解政治话语,以生存话语取而代之,拒绝形而上的乌托邦遐想,以形而下日常生活的平面化叙事为价值旨趣,便构成了新写实小说文本叙事的出发点和最后的归属。可以说,新写实小说是一种没有表现出显在解构冲动的具有强烈解构特征的文学现象,它的解构性没有表现出咄咄逼人的进攻性,是不动声色的。正因为这样,它的解构与颠覆意味则长久被人们所忽略或漠视。     

FDI和R&D对经济增长的动态影响———基于中国20年面板数据的实证分析简

本文采用1991－2010年我国省际面板数据,分别从整个样本期、1991－2000年、2001－2010年考察了 FDI和 R＆D对我国经济增长的动态影响。实证结果表明,R＆D对我国经济增长的贡献经历了一个从不显著到显著的正影响过程,而且R＆D对我国经济增长的贡献大于FDI;尽管在整个样本期FDI对我国经济增长的影响显著为正,但由于外资企业对我国国内企业竞争负效应的增强和技术外溢效应的减弱,使得 FDI 对我国经济增长的贡献由1991－2000年的显著正影响转为2001－2010年的不显著负影响。因此,我国需要积极鼓励国内企业以跨国并购的方式走出去,积极与外国 R＆D机构开展合作,提升我国企业的技术水平和 R＆D实力,扭转近年来 FDI在我国经济增长中的负效应局面。     

International cooperation in stockpiles and tariffs for coping with oil supply disruptions

This paper provides a unified treatment of oil stockpiling and demand restraint as policy responses for enhancing energy security and examines the implications of recent changes in the structure and performance of the international oil market for the design of policies. These issues are addressed using a dynamic programming framework in which international policy actions of key oil-importing countries are modeled as a Nash dynamic game. Significant policy implications from the analysis include: (1) the result that, with realistic assumptions about disruption risks and inventory capacities, differences between noncooperative and coordinated stockpile policies appear to be minor and (2) significant mutual gains could be reaped from a modest degree of collective restraint on normal market oil demand. The broader role of international cooperation in enhancing energy security is also discussed.     

The determinants of international creditworthiness and their policy implications

The present paper utilizes an empirical measure of creditworthiness based on bankers' perceptions to estimate the effect of various variables hypothesized to influence assessments of countries' debt-servicing capacity. The data pertain to a cross section of countries within the period 1979–1983. Such estimates necessarily employ a ceteris paribus assumption, which prevents a realistic assessment of the effects generated by policy changes. The second part of the paper develops, therefore, a dynamic simulation model of a hypothetical average economy. The simulations allow analysis of changes in macroeconomic variables and creditworthiness over time within a system that maintains accounting identities and behavioral constraints. Several changes in policy variables are considered that highlight the importance of export expansion. The latter is, of course, an often suggested policy objective, but the present paper demonstrates its effectiveness in terms of a somewhat nonstandard criterion.     

Political confrontation over fiscal processes: The impact of the U.S. Congressional Budget Act

In July 1974 the U.S. Congressional Budget Act was signed into law. This legislation was the result of a heavily fought political confrontation between President Nixon and Congress over who controlled the Federal budget. In addition to the issue of control, the Act was prompted by dissatisfaction with the procedures used by Congress to determine Federal receipts and expenditures. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact this legislation had on the U.S. economy in its early years.The first section of the paper sets up a simple modeling framework. The model is specified so as to illustrate how a change in the budget process resulting from the Congressional Budget Act could potentially produce changes in the level of total output. This section also explains the derivation of a tax and expenditure series used in the model's empirical testing. The second section addresses some of the theoretical issues, and presents the results of simulations based on the Chase, Wharton, and Data Resources econometric models. Broad conclusions are gathered in the final section.     

Policy responses to external shocks in sub-Saharan African countries

The author analyzes the experience of sub-Saharan African countries with external shocks in the form of the deterioration of the terms of trade and the world recession between 1973 and 1978, with distinction made between low-income and middle-income countries. Adjustment to external shocks in low-income sub-Saharan African countries took largely the form of reductions in imports through lower rates of economic growth and lower income elasticity of import demand while these countries lost export market shares. Losses in export market shares were smaller in the middle-income countries and in the entire group, export performance was positively correlated with the rate of economic growth.     

MFN tariff treatment of imports from China: Effects on U.S. employment

This article estimates the effects on U.S. output and employment of granting most-favored-nation (MFN) tariff treatment to imports from the People's Republic of China (PRC). Import demand elasticities are used to estimate changes in imports resulting from the lower tariff rates. A highly disaggregated U.S. input-output table and labor-output ratios are used to convert changes in imports into changes in domestic output and employment at a detailed sectorial level. U.S. import restraints on the textile and apparel industry are incorporated into the analysis. The article explores the implications of increased imports from the PRC for U.S., PRC, and LDC policy makers.     

Commodity prices and the world distribution of income

Some advocates of a new international economic order recommend raising prices of commodities exported by developing countries as a means of reducing the inequality of world income distribution. A simulation model using commodity trade data and income distribution data for 68 industrial and developing countries examines this policy alternative. Initial data compilation reveals that internal inequality is as important as international: The world income share of the poorest 40% of people would be twice as high in the absence of intracountry inequality. Calculations using actual price experience in the “great inflation” of 1972–1975 show that despite the large relative price changes for some commodities (especially oil), these changes left the world size distribution of income virtually unchanged. Separate policy simulations show that even a quadrupling of the price of ali “equalizing” commodities (those mainly exported by LDCs) would leave the size distribution of world income practically unaltered (even under optimistic assumptions about intracountry distributional incidence), although some individual LDCs would gain. Increasing commodity prices therefore appears to be an ineffective means of increasing international equity, quite apart from questions about the feasibility of cartels or commodity agreements.     

“DTSM”方法在《立体构成》教学中的运用初探

我们提出“DTSM”循序渐进教与学的方法以实现《立体构成》教学方法的改革。该教学法分为直接观察阶段、理论精深阶段、联系实践阶段 ,结合现代教育技术方法———多媒体电化教学方法产生互动直观的教学效果。在“DTSM”教学方法实施过程中做到科学安排时间 ,适时施教 ,因势利导 ,保证教学过程的整体性和连续性 ,灵活分配内部环节。对于充分发掘学生潜力 ,激发学生的求知欲望 ,提高教师业务水平 ,促进《立体构成》课程教学改革具有重要意义