我国药品不良反应的监管趋势刍议

我国药品不良反应管理主要是依照《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》(以下简称《办法》),对药品不良反应进行管理包括报告、监测和控制、评价等,经过几年时间的实践,既检验出该《办法》的有效性,也反映出《办法》中缺乏时代性的不足,对此作了分析并探讨了强化管理的发展方向。     

中国民众“疑苏”情绪研究(1946——1950)——兼谈中苏友好协会成立的原因

中华人民共和国成立前后,中国民众中普遍存在疑苏反苏情绪,主要体现在1946年春的全国反苏运动和中共对苏政策“一边倒”的异议。中俄两国的历史积怨,苏联的民族利己主义特别是苏军在东北的不义之举,国民党、日本和美国的挑拨以及中国民众特殊的民族自尊心和受辱的“敏感”是其情绪产生的主要原因。中国共产党为了消除民众疑苏反苏情绪,执意推行“一边倒”政策,遂发起成立了中苏友好协会。     

Rationing Capacity Between Two Product Classes*

In this paper, we study the capacity allocation problem faced by make-to-order manufacturing firms encountering expected total demand in excess of available capacity. Specifically, we focus on firms' manufacturing short-life-cycle or seasonal products such as high fashion apparel. Using a decision-theory-based approach, we develop a capacity allocation policy that allows such firms to discriminate between two classes of products (one yielding a higher profit contribution per unit of capacity allocated to it than the other), resulting in selective rejection of orders for the class with the lower unit contribution. The effectiveness of capacity rationing is investigated under a wide array of conditions characterized by variations in factors such as the ratio of unit profit contributions of the two product classes, the ratio of total available capacity to expected total demand, the ratio of expected demands between the two classes, and the variability in demand for each product class. The results indicate that capacity rationing is very effective in increasing the total profit, and could therefore serve as a valuable decision tool for managers in such firms.     

Utility‐consistent Brand Demand Systems with Endogenous Category Consumption: Principles and Marketing Applications*

This paper introduces the design and implementation of utility‐consistent, brand, and category demand systems. It extends formal demand analysis to the area of brand and category demand, which directly concerns marketing researchers and managers. The proposed brand demand system is a set of interrelated demand functions that are derived explicitly from a utility function describing consumer preferences. The model generalizes by the integration of category expenditures, which are determined endogenously. The theoretical plausibility of the proposed demand model is demonstrated first and, subsequently, brand and category level systems are derived. Econometric methods for estimating the systems are also developed and illustrated in empirical data. The results yield empirically determined, quantitative insights into the structure of consumer demand for brands and product categories. The proposed approach has the attractive feature of structuring the interdependencies of consumer decisions and ensuring an explicit role for theory in applied research.