Labor Market Segmentation,Job Mobility and the Two-track Model of Chinese Urban Workers’ Acquisition of Economic Status

使用“2009年中国社会网络与职业经历调查” (JSNET2009) 广州、上海、厦门、 济南和西安五城市数据, 检验了改革以后影响中国城市劳动者职业流动模式以及经济 地位获得的因素。研究结果表明, 高学历劳动者与低学历劳动者群体处于两个分割的 劳动力市场中, 他们的经济地位获得路径完全不同。对于低学历劳动者, 职业流动是 提升他们收入水平的最重要因素, 而人力资本因素 (受教育年限和工作经验) 对他们 的收入没有影响。高学历劳动者的情况刚好相反, 职业流动对收入获得没有任何作 用, 影响他们收入分层的最重要因素是人力资本。本研究揭示了转型期中国城市地区 不同劳动力市场劳动者的经济地位获得的二元路径模式。

关键词: 劳动力市场分割 职业流动 收入分层 人力资本回报

Using data from the “Survey of Social Networks and Occupational Experience in Chinese Cities in 2009” on five cities (Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xiamen, Jinan and Xi’an), this paper examines factors influencing Chinese urban workers’ patterns of job mobility and acquisition of economic status in the post-reform era. The results show that workers with high educational levels and those with low educational levels occupy different segments of the labor market and have completely different paths to economic status acquisition. In the case of workers with a low educational level, job mobility is the most important factor boosting income levels, while human capital variables (years of schooling and work experience) have no effect on income. By contrast, job mobility has no effect on the income of workers with a high educational level, whose income stratification is most affected by their human capital. This research reveals the two-track model of urban workers’ acquisition of economic status in different urban labor markets in transitional China.     

Educational attainment and self-rated health in contemporary China: A survey-based study in 2010

Drawing on a nationwide representative data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2010, this research examines the relationship between educational attainment and self-rated health in mainland China. It is shown that educational attainment can significantly promote an individual's self-rated health. Besides, the positive effect of educational attainment on self-rated health is stronger for males and rural residents. Finally, using mediation test, we find that educational attainment can promote an individual's self-rated health by providing better work and economic condition, cultivating a higher level of the sense of self-control, encouraging individuals to pay more attention to potential health issues, raising the frequencies of exercise, and increasing the frequencies of moderate drinking. Nevertheless, neither the access to medical insurance nor the frequencies of smoking significantly mediates between education and the perception of health status.     

The measurement of structural and exchange income mobility

Chakravarty, Dutta and Weymark (1985) present operational axioms for an ethical index of income mobility that are best suited for a two period world. This paper suggests a decomposition of this index into two terms: (i) an index of structural or snapshot mobility, which captures the welfare effect of differences in the inequality of the cross-section income distributions; and (ii) an index of exchange or rerankings mobility, which captures the welfare impact of rank reversals between the first- and the second-period income distributions. Income inequality reductions and rank reversals are always welfare enhancing. The properties of all the income mobility concepts introduced in the paper do not require any new value judgements beyond the traditional ones.     

全球一体化背景下我国高校学分互换探究

文章通过对国内外高校学分互换现状进行比较研究,发现了我们存在的差距和不足,提出在我国已经加入WTO的新形势下,高校相互之间构建一个开放的学分互换体系已势在必行。而要完成这项庞大的系统工程,就需逐级建立国家专职机构,来负责高校课程学分指标体系的制定、评估、协调和动态监控,以望实现一种可在国内外高校顺利流通的"货币学分"。     

Social capital and social exclusion in England and Wales (1972-1999)

Recent research on social capital has explored trends in membership in voluntary organizations. However, there is currently little robust evidence on such trends in the UK since the 1970s, nor is there any analysis of whether participation bridges social divisions or accentuates them. This paper explores trends in participation in England and Wales since 1972 using data from the Social Mobility Inquiry of 1972 and the British Household Panel Survey of 1992 and 1999. We are concerned with social exclusion mechanisms in social capital generation in Britain over the three decades. Using binomial and multinomial models to 'unpack' the effects of socio-cultural factors on civic participation and on different types of associational membership, we test the thesis of across-the-board decline in social capital by Putnam (2000) and that of rising levels of middle-class social capital versus consistent low levels of working-class social capital by Hall (1999). The results show significant socio-cultural-gender differences, a relative stability of middle-class participation, and a rapid decline in the working-class access to social capital. We challenge the established accounts of both theses.     

数字技术在美澳幼儿教育中应用的伦理探索与启示

数字技术正逐渐成为幼儿成长过程中不可或缺的组成部分。已有研究和实践表明,如果技术使用有违伦理,很可能会对幼儿发展产生负面影响。通过对全美幼教协会与澳大利亚幼教协会发布的规范学前教育中技术应用的官方文件进行深入解读,发现应当从有益、适宜、有意三个方面,对0-8岁幼儿和数字技术的关系作出伦理规范和引导。美澳两所机构在制定官方报告上的经验对于我国幼教环境下的数字技术应用伦理建设提供了重要启示,我们需要加快制定幼教技术伦理规范的步伐,加强幼教专业伦理和科研伦理建设,提升幼儿和成人的数字素养,推动家校共同合作建设适宜幼儿发展的数字环境。     

少数民族妇女自主意识的觉醒--《女性社会学视野中的少数民族妇女流动》评介

国家社科基金项目“女性社会学视野中的少数民族妇女流动”的核心成果--《女性社会学视野中的少数民族妇女流动》一书的问世,既是对中国少数民族妇女流动历程的一次全面总结,又是少数民族妇女心声的真实呈现,将会对未来的少数民族妇女流动研究产生持续影响。少数民族妇女流动,是在改革开放和市场经济的契机下,各族人民在社会主义现代化建设进程中相互融通、共同发展的趋势下形成的。该书作者杨国才教授把自己作为少数民族妇女流动人口中的一员,从自身的经历和大多数少数民族妇女流动的经验中得出,教育是各民族妇女向上流动的基础。通过教育,特别是高等教育,能够将大量少数民族妇女的水平流动转变为垂直向上的流动。该书挑战了学术界长期以来“蓝领不能向白领流动”的观念。尽管这一思想在当下不能占据上风,但作者还是用秉笔直书的评述,真实地记录了中国少数民族妇女向上流动的艰辛探索,特别是对少数民族知识妇女的讴歌,更是体现了她对“女性自主意识的觉醒”、“女性自主性”的追寻与期盼。该著作从立项、写作到出版,历时10年,充分利用各级妇女组织网络,调动各民族妇女参与,将少数民族妇女作为研究主体,引入社会性别的视角,探讨少数民族妇女流动的特征,从少数民族妇女的立场出发,突破女性“自说自话”的局限,让更多人听到女性的声音。20余万字,令笔者捧读之际不时被激励、被鼓舞,借此分享自己的一得之见。     

Class inequality and meritocracy: a critique of Saunders and an alternative analysis

Saunders' recent work claiming that contemporary British society is to a large extent 'meritocratic' is criticized on conceptual and technical grounds. A reanalysis of the National Child Development Study data-set, used by Saunders, is presented. This reveals that while merit, defined in terms of ability and effort, does play a part in determining individuals' class destinations, the effect of class origins remains strong. Children of less advantaged class origins need to show substantially more merit than children from more advantaged origins in order to gain similar class positions. These differences in findings to some extent arise from the correction of biases introduced by Saunders; but there are also features of his own results, consistent with those reported in the reanalysis, which he appears not to have fully appreciated.     

Practices and challenges in educational program evaluation in the Asia-Pacific region: results of a Delphi study

While educational program evaluation has become more important in recent years because of increasing governmental demands for accountability, little is known about the development of and issues in regard to this topic in the Asia-Pacific region. The findings from a Delphi study conducted in a number of relevant countries are provided in this article. Thirty panelists participated in three rounds of iterations to identify current status, challenges, and concerns in the near future. The results should be of value to educational evaluators, researchers, and decision makers.     

全国中心城市“十二五”文教消费增长测评——基于2009年消费需求的分析演算

十二五期间,文化消费需求增长应当与经济发展、民生增进实现良好协调,文化产业发展必须与文化消费需求增长实现良好契合。这就需要一个特定的评价体系,对十二五规划既定的协调增长目标做出预期测算,并以此衡量文化产业何以才能成为国民经济支柱性产业。