Declining inter-industry wage dispersion in the US

Industrial effects have long been significant factors in wage inequality. Previous research indicates that wage differentials across industries were increasing through the mid 1980s. Using more recent data, however, we find that the level of inter-industry wage dispersion declined by 36% from 1986 to 2002 despite the continued trend towards increasing inequality in the labor force. This decline in inter-industry wage dispersion is evident across gender and educational groups. Using multilevel growth curve models, our multivariate results indicate that the decline is only weakly related to industrial changes in education, occupation or even productivity despite the fact that the latter variable had been a critical factor in the prior period. Indicators of globalization and downsizing also do not appear to explain this decline. For the more recent period, the most important factors associated with the narrowing of inter-industry wage dispersion are reduced unionization rates and the higher proportion of casual workers. We interpret these results as suggesting that firms may now be less economically obliged to pass on a portion of their rents to broad groups of workers and may instead be engaged in more idiosyncratic processes of negotiation with individual workers based on micro-level sources of bargaining power.     

从“效率优先”转向“注重公平”的必然性

公平与效率的关系是当前我国社会面临的最基本、最重要的问题之一,关系到社会的稳定发展,关系到社会主义和谐社会的构建和社会主义的前途命运。公平与效率是一个矛盾的统一体。公平是以人本身为尺度的平等,效率是以劳动为尺度的平等。公平维持着社会的正常秩序,效率提供着社会发展的动力。只有保持公平与效率的平衡,才能使社会在和谐、稳定中可持续发展。我国社会发展已进入一个关键期,社会发展的内在逻辑已由"效率优先"转变为公正优先,注重公平已成为社会的主要问题。     

经济分析法学的几个基本概念阐释

本文结合微观经济学理论,通过对科斯、波斯纳等为代表的经济分析法学原理的分析,认为交易成本、最大化、均衡、效率是法律的经济分析中涉及的最基本的概念。本文对这几个基本概念在微观经济学和法律的经济分析中的内涵和作用进行了阐释和分析。本文指出,没有交易成本概念就不会有经济分析法学,“最大化”、“经济人”是对法律进行经济分析的前提假设,均衡分析是理性选择理论分析决策人之间关系的基本方法,博弈论是分析法律等非市场制度和非充分竞争市场的恰当工具,效率是经济分析法学的最终指向。     

农户苜蓿种植规模效率的实证分析---基于河北省黄骅市的实证分析

种植苜蓿对于畜牧业发展、土地资源改善具有重要意义,发展苜蓿种植是2015年中央一号文件的重要内容。本文以农户这一我国苜蓿种植主体为研究对象,利用河北省黄骅市的农户苜蓿种植调查数据,构建DEA模型对农户的苜蓿种植规模效率进行实证研究。结果表明,农户苜蓿种植获得最优效率的规模为18亩左右。利用Tobit模型,对影响规模效率的因素进一步分析计算发现,调查区域农户苜蓿种植处于粗放阶段,应鼓励发展苜蓿专业种植户,在种子、技术、资金及机械补贴、种植补贴等方面给予支持。     

我国中小零售企业物流系统运营效率研究

近年来我国中小零售企业发展快速且竞争激烈,零售物流系统是高成本时代中小零售企业发展的关键。运用数据包络分析(DEA)法,对比分析18家中小零售企业的物流系统经营数据可知,中小零售企业物流作业要树立效率经营理念,不断加强物流系统内部管理,从而建设高效零售物流体系,提升企业运营效率。     

邓小平效率思想探析

纵观改革开放25年的历史,中国一切的发展和成就都离不开邓小平理论的科学指导。邓小平关于效率的思想贯穿着整个改革开放的历史,具有其特殊的意义。时至今日,邓小平效率思想仍然放射着巨大的理论光芒,我们对理论不但要深刻理解、坚决贯彻,更要与时俱进地加以发展。本文对邓小平效率思想产生的背景及其内涵进行了较为深入地阐述与分析,以期能够推动对邓小平效率思想的理解与贯彻。     

我国农村金融市场效率研究——从金融促进农村经济发展的角度

本文认为判别与评价我国农村金融市场效率应该从下面两个方面进行研究：一是我国农村金融对农村经济的促进作用；二是我国农村金融市场的金融资源的均衡。从金融促进农村经济发展的角度。实证发现我国农村金融市场的效率低于全国金融市场的效率水平，主要由于农村正规金融机构的发展水平低下、农村金融市场的需求低下和农村金融市场的“高风险低效益”等因素所导致。因此，建议：发展中小金融机构，弥补正规金融的不足：创新金融工具，聚集农村金融需求；建立农村金融风险补偿制度，降低金融风险；改革金融定价和补贴政策，提高农村金融收益水平。     

论公平、效率与收入分配

经济体制转型过程中,效率优先,兼顾公平是我们进行分配领域改革的基本原则,对这一原则理解的失误导致收入分配差距日愈拉大.通过对公平与效率的重新反思,认识公平与效率是两个不同经济运行过程的运行原则.公平是分配过程的原则,它贯穿于收入分配的全过程,不管初次分配还是再分配,都要遵循这一原则.     

Efficiency determinants in retail stores: a Bayesian framework

This paper analyzes the impact of vertical integration, age, geographic expansion, and low price strategy on the cost efficiency of retail stores. We test our hypotheses using the innovative Bayesian frontier methodology. The data involve a sample of Spanish retail stores that operate in a highly competitive and dynamic environment. From the results, it is clear that cost efficiency is higher for stores that have: longer years in business, stronger geographical presence, and lower price offerings. Vertical integration, on the other hand, is negatively related to efficiency. Further discussions of these findings and related managerial implications are provided in the paper.     

On the asymptotic power and relative efficiency of the frequency X2 test

The asymptotic (Pitman) power of the X² test is investigated for particular classes of alternatives. A simple rule is introduced to identify ‘orthogonal alternatives’, for which the noncentrality parameter can be computed in a very simple way. In the sequel, restricted alternatives are considered and the ARE of the unrestricted test w.r.t. the restricted one is shown to depend only on the numbers of degrees of freedom. The concluding section discusses ‘undetectable alternatives’, i.e. alternatives for which the noncentrality vanishes.