Deserts and oases: the continuing concentration of population in the American Mountain West

The Mountain West is a region that seems to be simultaneously rural and urban. With its wide-open spaces, many national parks, monuments, and forests, and high degree of federal land ownership the West appears as the quintessential rural area. However, over 70 percent of the West's population live in metropolitan areas. This simultaneous rural and urban nature of the West is important in understanding the changing population geography of the region. We examine this by focusing on changing patterns of population concentration among metro and nonmetro counties. Unlike other regions in the US, the Mountain West has never experienced a period of counterurbanization or population deconcentration. Not only is current in-migration to the region increasingly concentrated in old and new metro areas, it is also concentrated in a select number of nonmetro areas as well—particularly nonmetro counties adjacent to metro areas, in retirement destinations, and in recreation centers.     

现代人口调查的格局与发展

在概要评述现代人口调查的三种主要形式——普查、登记制度和抽样调查的基础上,比较详细地介绍了一种人口调查的新模式——美国社区调查（ACS）的由来和特点,并指出两个值得我国借鉴的人口调查改革取向：基于社区的抽样调查和连续调查。     

The Pro‐Elderly Bias of Social Policies in Israel: A Historical‐Institutional Account

Accelerated population ageing and high voting turnout rates among elderly voters in recent decades have led many social scientists to predict increasing pro‐elderly biases in the social policies of mature welfare states. This article investigates and empirically estimates the evolving age orientation of social policies in Israel, which is a comparatively young society that has nevertheless aged significantly since independence in 1948. We present a historical and qualitative overview of the development of policy efforts towards different age groups and develop an Elderly/Non‐elderly Spending Ratio at four points in time between 1975 and 2005. We argue that in its first five decades, the Israeli welfare state uniquely combined a broadly universalistic and citizenship‐based outlook with a number of significant particularistic spending biases towards specific subgroups. But from the second half of the 1990s onwards, the pro‐elderly policy bias of the Israeli welfare state has strongly increased. These findings support Lynch's thesis for 21 OECD countries, which posits that a shift from a universal to a more occupationally based institutional model of welfare will result in a higher pro‐elderly bias of social spending.     

流动人口的概念和度量问题

本文阐述了流动人口的概念及度量问题     

代谢综合征高危人群心血管危险因素综合干预的临床研究

目的评价综合干预对代谢综合征高危人群心血管危险因素影响。方法对经常住院的100例代谢综合征高危患者进行综合干预,随访2年。另选一般临床资料相匹配,具有可比性的60例代谢综合征高危患者作对照组,评估综合干预前后即第0,1,2年腰围、体重指数、收缩压和舒张压、HDL-C、TG、LDL-C、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、C-反应蛋白的变化,并进行对照。结果干预组0年,1年,2年的比较,腰围、BMI、SBP和DBP、HDL-C、FBG、HOMA-IR、CRP的变化差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而TG和LDL-C变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对照组0年,1年,2年的比较,腰围、BMI、SBP和DBP、HDL-C、TG、LDL-C、FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、CRP的变化差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;干预组与对照组两组第2年比较,除TG和LDL-C外,腰围、BMI、SBP和DBP、HDL-C、FBG、HOMA-IR、CRP的变化差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论综合干预可改善代谢综合征胰岛素抵抗,提高胰岛素敏感性,降低CRP。     

Generalizing from PRSA to public relations: How to accommodate sampling bias in public relations scholarship

One of the major challenges to conducting externally valid, quantitative scholarship in public relations is accessing samples of practitioners that are willing to participate in academic research. One sampling frame would naturally be the membership of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), which is the world's largest professional association for public relations practitioners. Yet, even if the question of access were resolved, there still remains the question of external validity, i.e., the issue of whether and to what extent the membership of PRSA (or any other sampling frame) reflects the population of public relations practitioners in general.     

人口惯性的测量方法

本文详细介绍了国际上较为成熟、可操作的人口惯性测量方法，包括人口内在自然增长率、人口惯性因子计算法、人口模拟预测法、以及年龄别人口惯性因子计算法；并分析了这些方法的优势和不足。同时，首次提出利用模型生命表和模型稳定人口，探索在人口数据缺乏的情况下，估算人口惯性大小，为从不同层面估计、量化人口惯性提供有效、实用的工具。     

Geographic Ancestry and Cause-specific Mortality in a National Population

There are marked differentials in mortality risks across regions in Finland. No exhaustive explanation to this variation has been provided, however. The aim of this paper is to analyse how geographic ancestry, as proxied by persons’ birth region and population group, interrelates with cause-specific mortality risks. Focusing on people aged between their mid-thirties and late-forties, we use longitudinal population register data that offer opportunities to account for variables that represent both persons’ social background and their own social status at young adult age. Results of Cox proportional hazard models say that these variables have substantial effects on mortality of different causes, but only a marginal impact on the variation in death rates by birth region and population group. The geographic mortality pattern is found to be specifically prominent for causes of death that are fairly unrelated to persons’ lifestyles. Our findings suggest that genetic predisposal as expressed in terms of geographic ancestry might play a relevant role in understanding mortality variation within the population of Finland.     

A genetic perspective on mating systems and sex ratios of parasitoid wasps

Parasitoid sex ratios are influenced by mating systems, whether complete inbreeding, partial inbreeding, complete inbreeding avoidance, or production of all-male broods by unmated females. Population genetic theory demonstrates that inbreeding is possible in haplodiploids because the purging of deleterious and lethal mutations through haploid males reduces inbreeding depression. However, this purging does not act quickly for deleterious mutations or female-limited traits (e.g., fecundity, host searching, sex ratio). The relationship between sex ratio, inbreeding, and inbreeding depression has not been explored in depth in parasitoids. The gregarious egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, collected from Riverside, CA (USA) produced a female-biased sex ratio of 0.24 (proportion of males). Six generations of sibling mating in the laboratory uncovered considerable inbreeding depression (∼ 20%) in fecundity and sex ratio. A population genetic study (based upon allozymes) showed the population was inbred (F _it = 0.246), which corresponds to 56.6% sib-mating. However, average relatedness among females emerging from the same host egg was only 0.646, which is less than expected (0.75) if ovipositing females mate randomly. This lower relatedness could arise from inbreeding avoidance, multiple mating by females, or superparasitism. A review of the literature in general shows relatively low inbreeding depression in haplodiploid species, but indicates that inbreeding depression can be as high as that found in Drosophila. Finally, mating systems and inbreeding depression are thought to evolve in concert (in plants), but similar dynamic models of the joint evolution of sex ratio, mating systems, and inbreeding depression have not been developed for parasitoid wasps. Received: November 13, 1998 /Accepted: January 8, 1999     

西宁市在西部大开发中需考虑的人口问题

西宁市由于经济发展滞后，人口承载量底。计生工作水平与其他省会城市相比较仍有较大差距。本文就西部大开发中西宁市面临的人口问题进行论述，并提出了相应对策。