关于中国人口控制问题的商榷

中国人口占世界人口1/5,是世界人口最多的发展中国家。中国政府把计划生育政策定为基本国策,并取得了举世瞩目的成就。中国人口基数过大,人均耕地远小于国土面积与中国相当的美国,加上其他不利因素,经有关专家组研究,中国最大环境人口容量为16亿。又经预测,按现行中国人口政策,到2030年前后中国人口将达到16亿。中国人口控制喜忧参半,仍十分严峻,且任重而道远。因此,讨论了中国人口控制的成就和问题,并提出了若干建议供参考。     

论陶行知对中国现代化的特殊贡献

鸦片战争以后,"现代化"成为中国历史发展的主题。在中国现代化进程中,陶行知作为伟大的人民教育家、民主主义革命家和中国进步知识分子的典范,他以"生活教育"为主要内容的从教育入手推进中国社会全面现代化的大胆创见和社会实践无疑是中国社会多层次现代化进程的重要组成部分。陶行知为中国现代化做出了非常独特的贡献,他在试图从教育入手来推进中国现代化的理论探讨和社会实践中,形成了关于中国现代化问题的前瞻性的构想。在同时代人中,陶行知对全面现代化,尤其是对人的现代化的认识是独树一帜的。     

民办高等教育发展的动因分析与对策

从制度安排论、需要驱动论和机制优势论三个方面对民办高等教育发展的主要动因进行了分析,在此基础上对民办高等教育的今后发展提出了建议。笔者认为,在充分认识市场和民办高校的作用、要求、特征、规律的基础上,政府对民办高等教育发展合理规划,以适当的方式促进和规范民办高校的运行,对民办高等教育的发展至关重要。     

以人为本的教育理念与高校德育

把学生培养成全面、协调发展的人;重视学生在教育、教学中的主体地位;尊重并合理地引导每一个学生的个性和差异性。高校德育要贯彻和落实以人为本的教育理念需要从思想认识上解决“三个统一”:德育本身是目的与手段的统一;德育对象是权利与义务的统一;德育出发点是理想与现实的统一。     

论孔子的素质教育思想

孔子的教育对象观、教育目标观、教育方法观以及他的因材施教的教育实践,都体现出素质教育的特征,我们应当重视并借鉴,以便更好地为我们今天的素质教育服务。     

大学生德育实践活动的审美转化

德育的过程是一个蕴涵美、展示美、发现美、实现美和创造美的过程。德育实践活动应当不断引导大学生去感知、体验和领悟德育过程各个环节中的美感,从而建立真正综合性、系列性、多功能的审美化的德育实践活动。     

Breaking through the silence in antenatal care: Fetal movement and stillbirth education

BackgroundFetal movements are a key indicator of fetal health. Research has established significant correlations between altered fetal activity and stillbirth. However, women are generally unaware of this relationship. Providing pregnant women with information about the importance of fetal movements could improve stillbirth rates. However, there are no consistent fetal movements awareness messages globally for pregnant women.AimsThis study aimed to explore the antenatal care experiences of Australian mothers who had recently had a live birth to determine their knowledge of fetal movements, the nature and source of that information.MethodsAn online survey method was used for 428 women who had a live birth and received antenatal care in Australia. Women’s knowledge of fetal movements, stillbirth risk, and the sources of this knowledge was explored.FindingsA large proportion of participants (84.6%; n = 362) stated they had been informed by health care professionals of the importance of fetal movements during pregnancy. Open-ended responses indicate that fetal movements messages are often myth based. Awareness that stillbirth occurs was high (95.2%; n = 398), although, 65% (n = 272) were unable to identify the current incidence of stillbirth in Australia.ConclusionWomen who received antenatal care have high-awareness of fetal movements, but the information they received was inconsistent. Participants knew stillbirth occurred but did not generally indicate they had obtained that knowledge from health care professionals. We recommend a consistent approach to fetal movements messaging throughout pregnancy which focuses on stillbirth prevention.     

Status and competitive choice

In this paper, we extend the logic of existing sociological theory on status to explain how status processes can inform selection in competitive choice situations. We argue that in the absence of knowledge about the specific abilities of others and assuming a desire to win, when given the opportunity to “pick their battles,” people will draw on overt status differences as a basis for selecting a competitor from a pool of possible competitors. Results from three studies indicate that, as predicted, status differences affect competitor selection, with individuals choosing to compete against those who are relatively lower status based on diffuse characteristics. Moreover, consistent with expectation state theories, results from two studies show that the expectations that people form for their potential competitors based on status differences mediate this relationship. We conclude by discussing the implications of this research.     

The role of parenthood in shaping the gender wage gap – A comparative analysis of 26 European countries

We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to estimate how parenthood contributes to the gender wage gap, and assess how institutional elements affect this relationship. We find that irrespective of cultural norms and policies, fathers receive a wage premium, which increases the gender gap. Motherhood gaps vary across countries. The highest gaps are seen in Eastern European countries, where policies and norms lead to long absences from work. Moderate to small penalties are found in Continental Europe, Anglo-Saxon and Nordic countries, alongside higher maternal employment. No motherhood penalties are found for Southern EU countries, where mothers return to work quickly or exit the labor market indefinitely.     

晚清留日回族学生与辛亥革命——基于“留东清真教育会”会员史迹的考察

在中国伊斯兰教和回族历史中,留东清真教育会的组建及其刊物《醒回篇》的发行,以及其爱国爱教的思想颇受后世关注,但其成员与辛亥革命的关系一直没有得到深入的研究和讨论。本文考订留东清真教育会主要成员事迹,探析其与同盟会的关系,发掘其成员归国后在各省光复运动中的表现,揭示晚清回族留日学生与辛亥革命的关联,认为该会是受孙中山民主革命思想的影响创立的一个革命团体。留东清真教育会成员的行动,体现了近代回族的文化自觉和国家认同,从一个侧面反映出民主共和观念对多民族国家少数民族发展的影响。