大学英语作文评阅中的人本主义原则

在作文评阅与反馈中,教师对学生情感的关注直接影响学生的写作兴趣和动力。基于人本主义原则的作文评阅与反馈不仅能够减少学生的情感焦虑,滋养与呵护学生的心灵,也能激发学生的写作潜能,提高学生的写作水平,是全人教育不可缺少的一部分。     

离散大系统的多级控制

本文使用反馈控制和广义逆矩阵研究离散大系统的多级控制问题,即在局部控制器上加所谓“校正”控制器,达到中性关联作用,使整个系统的性能指标为极小,且得到较小的性能指标偏差的上界。     

Are income poverty and perceptions of financial difficulties dynamically interrelated?

An individual’s economic ill fare can be assessed both objectively, looking at one’s income with reference to a poverty line, or subjectively, on the basis of the individual’s perceived experience of financial difficulties. Although these are distinct perspectives, income poverty and perceptions of financial difficulties are likely to be interrelated. Low income (especially if it persists) is likely to negatively affect perceptions of financial difficulties and, as recently suggested by the behavioural economics literature, (past) subjective sentiment may in return influence individual’s income generating ability and poverty status. The aim of this paper is to determine the extent of these dynamic cross-effects between both processes. Using Luxembourg survey data, our main result highlights the existence of a feedback effect from past perceived financial difficulties on current income poverty suggesting that subjective perceptions can have objective effects on an individual’s behaviour and outcomes.     

A management policy for sika deer based on sex-specific hunting

We consider here a management policy for a sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in the eastern part of Hokkaido. Deer populations are characterized by a large intrinsic rate of population increase, no significant density effects on population growth before population crash, and a relatively simple life history. Our goals of management for the deer population are (1) to avoid irruption with severe damage to agriculture and forestry, (2) to avoid the risk of extinction of the deer population, and (3) to maintain a sustainable yield of deer. To make a robust program on the basis of uncertain information about the deer population, we consider three levels of relative population size and four levels of hunting pressures. We also take into consideration a critical level for extinction, an optimal level, and an irruption level. The hunting pressure for females is set to increase with the population size. We also recommend catching males if the population size is between the critical and optimal levels and catching females and males if the population size is larger than the optimal level. We must avoid cases of irruption or threatened population under various sets of uncertain parameter values. The simulation results suggest that management based on sex-specific hunting is effective to diminish the annual variation in hunting yield. Received: April 8, 1998 / Accepted: December 25, 1998     

高校教学质量内部保障体系的构建研究

高校教学质量管理的全面性、复杂性、动态性、相对性、系统性等特殊性决定了必须迅速构建适应新形势和能反映高校自身特点的教学质量内部保障体系。结合实践,提出从质量管理、质量监控和反馈等三个方面来构建教学质量保障体系。同时,提出了体系构建应坚持党的教育方针原则、正确质量观原则、因地质宜原则、“以人为本”原则、保障与监控相结合原则和过程管理相结合等六条基本原则,以期为教学质量的全面提高提供有益借鉴。     

Stochastic volatility in mean models with scale mixtures of normal distributions and correlated errors: A Bayesian approach

A stochastic volatility in mean model with correlated errors using the symmetrical class of scale mixtures of normal distributions is introduced in this article. The scale mixture of normal distributions is an attractive class of symmetric distributions that includes the normal, Student-t, slash and contaminated normal distributions as special cases, providing a robust alternative to estimation in stochastic volatility in mean models in the absence of normality. Using a Bayesian paradigm, an efficient method based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is developed for parameter estimation. The methods developed are applied to analyze daily stock return data from the São Paulo Stock, Mercantile & Futures Exchange index (IBOVESPA). The Bayesian predictive information criteria (BPIC) and the logarithm of the marginal likelihood are used as model selection criteria. The results reveal that the stochastic volatility in mean model with correlated errors and slash distribution provides a significant improvement in model fit for the IBOVESPA data over the usual normal model.     

基于渠道管理的消费者信息、中间商与企业经济关系分析

在营销渠道的管理中,企业通常会通过设计一系列契约条件对中间商进行监督和激励,整个过程很少考虑来自市场第三方——消费者的信息反馈。本文分析了消费者信息在三方经济关系中的作用并通过企业、消费者和中间商的定量模型,分析消费者信息对企业激励与监督营销渠道中间商行为的影响以及提高营销渠道效率的影响因素和条件。结果表明,当消费者偏好和企业偏好一致时,消费者信息反馈有助于提高营销渠道管理绩效与消费者利益效用。     

中国沿海与内陆间经济影响的溢出与反馈效应

本文利用1997、2007年中国8地区区域间投入产出表,测算中国沿海与内陆地区经济影响的溢出与反馈效应的动态变化。三大类系数测算结果显示：区域内乘数效应大于区域间溢出效应,区域间溢出效应大于区域间反馈效应;同时,随着时间的推移,区域内乘数效应在下降、而区域间溢出与反馈效应在上升。对比沿海与内陆地区对对方的溢出效应系数,发现沿海地区小于内陆地区,但引入规模效应后,由于沿海地区有着更大的最终产出规模,它对内陆地区的实际溢出效应大于内陆地区对它的实际溢出效应。产业层面的分析表明建筑业与机械制造、交通运输设备制造业是沿海与内陆共同的具有较大溢出效应的产业,对沿海与内陆经济发展的带动作用较强。     

How to motivate yourself and others? Intended and unintended consequences

To achieve goals, individuals and organizations must understand how to effectively motivate themselves and others. We review three broad strategies that people employ to increase motivation: giving feedback, setting goal targets, and applying incentives. Although each of these strategies can effectively motivate action under certain circumstances and among certain people, they can also result in unintended consequences: not helping or even hurting motivation. For example, employers may give positive feedback that leads employees to relax their effort or negative feedback that undermines employees’ commitment, organizations may set goals that are overly ambitious and consequently reduce motivation, and certain incentives might appear attractive before pursuing an action but uncertain incentives better motivate action during goal pursuit. By identifying when and how these common motivational strategies work versus fail, we are able to prescribe a specific set of guidelines that will help people understand how to motivate themselves and others.     

Using Public Feedback and Competitive Rewards to Increase the Safe Driving of Pizza Deliverers

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of a safe driving competition facilitated by publicly-posted individual feedback. The turn-signal use, safety-belt use, and complete intersection stopping of 82 pizza deliverers were observed at two experimental and three control stores, as well as among the civilian population. After baseline observations, pizza deliverers received posted weekly individual feedback on their turn-signal use (at Store A) or complete intersection stops (at Store B). The deliverers' safe driving scores were posted individually on a vertical scale along with their names. Each week the deliverer with the highest average performance was rewarded with a free vehicle-maintenance coupon. Turn-signal use among drivers at Store A (n= 24) increased 22 percentage points from baseline to the intervention phase which was maintained into the withdrawal phase. Complete intersection stopping among drivers at Store B (n= 21) increased 17 percentage points from baseline to the intervention phase and was maintained into the withdrawal phase. Although the winners of the weekly competitions had the greatest increase in performance, non-winners also increased their instances of safe driving during the competition.