从本质主义的走向发生学的——女性文学研究之我见

浮出历史地表之前这一命题的提出和展开,意味着在发生学意义上对中国近现代女性文学进行考察。这一思路非常重要。较之用西方女权主义文学理论直接阐释和分析中国现代文学作品的女性文学研究,它更多地离开了本质主义的考察,而进入到中国现代女性文学自身生成与发展的历史性的描述之中。中国近现代女性文学带有鲜明的女学生的文化特征。迄今为止,中国女性解放运动和中国现代女性文学的发展道路与西方有着根本不同的路向和特征。因此,中国的女性文学研究不能仅仅依靠西方女权主义文学理论的本质主义的规定,而必须回到中国的社会现实和文化现实中来,在中国社会现实和文化现实的基础上感受和理解中国女性的解放之路,感受、理解和阐释中国的女性文学作品。     

《一个悲伤的女人》的女性主义解读

盖尔·戈德温的短篇小说《一个悲伤的女人》的女主人公因不满于自己贤妻良母的角色,试图逃避丈夫和孩子。然而,由于习惯于这一特定的性别角色,她发现自己已无法胜任其他的角色。她陷入忧郁,最终自杀身亡。然而造成女主人公悲剧的主要原因是父权制度社会。     

汤亭亭《女勇士》中的美国华裔女性形象

分析指出,《女勇士》作为美国当代华裔女作家汤亭亭的代表作,表明了双重族裔身份和双重文化背景的华裔女性在寻找个人身份位置时所付出的艰辛和努力;汤亭亭所塑造的华裔女性形象既是她自身的真实写照,更是华裔女性成长艰辛的真实写照;汤亭亭的《女勇士》既表达了她的女权主义思想,更加表达了为她们争取话语权的渴望,以及在跨文化、跨国界、跨民族的基础上和谐相处、平等交流的愿望。     

BORDERS BE DAMNED: CREOLIZING LITERARY RELATIONS

Conventional literary practices have always been used to perpetuate an us/them binary that reduces potential discussions concerning diversity, transnationalism or hybridization to a simplified relationship between dominant and subordinate categories. This article proposes that in order to avoid this predicament, cultural critics should move beyond ‘vertical’ methods of analysis and instead employ intercultural models which lend themselves to a consideration of the horizontal affiliations that can be found among women writers of colour. By engaging the writings of Jessica Hagedorn, Hisaye Yamamoto and Sandra Cisneros, the article argues that multicultural analysis enables an understanding of these (social, cultural and political) affiliations between racialized women in the United States. Further, it suggests that by comparing, contrasting, and interfacing emergent literary practices within current theories of cultural and feminist studies, critics will develop a ‘creolized’ approach which will help facilitate new alliances and sensitivity among the disenfranchised.     

20世纪90年代中国女性叙事文学的境遇

20世纪90年代中国女性叙事文学聚焦在女性的生存与女性声音的表达上,呈现出鲜明的女性意识。这种特征的形成有赖于它的生长境遇。90年代的社会转型,个体意识和大众文化为女性叙事文学的生长提供了话语空间;女权主义与女性主义文学批评催生了它的成长;中国女性自身所经历的启蒙历程和女性意识的自觉是其成长的内动力。     

Citizen Bodies: embodying citizens – a feminist analysis

The starting point for this paper is that bodies give substance to citizenship and that citizenship matters for bodies. However, the growing literatures on the body and on citizenship rarely 'speak to each other' in any straightforward sense. Feminist theory has made a significant contribution to both fields of thought,but once again the connections between these fields tend to be passing and underdeveloped. Feminist literature on citizenship – for example in discussions of participation – increasingly offers a critique of the model of the disembodied (supposedly universal) citizen as exclusionary and advocates taking bodies seriously (Lister; Yuval-Davis). Yet bodies appear in such discussions in quite limited ways and remain instrumentally conceived. On the other hand,the growing work on the body fromcontemporary feminist theorists has designated the body a political site par excellence (Grosz). Nevertheless, these writings are typically relatively abstract and philosophical, tend to perceive corporeal politics in circumscribed ways, and are positioned at a distance from political theorizing about implications for citizenship. We intend to consider how to flesh out the bodily element in feminist citizenship literature and how to interrogate the contextual sociality of the political in recent feminist theorizing of the body, in order to suggest ways of thinking about citizen bodies and related future directions for policy-making.     

Rethinking Women and Their Bodies in the Age of Biotechnology: Feminist Commentaries on the Hwang Affair

Many Korean women felt strongly positive about donating their eggs for Hwang Woo Suk’s research, in spite of the fact that Hwang was accused of fraud. It is said that there is a kind of unique ‘egg donation culture’ among Korean women, which urged them to donate their eggs for his research. However, positing such a Korean ‘egg donation culture’ does not seem to give a sufficient explanation of why so many Korean women were seemingly willing to provide their own eggs for Hwang’s research. Instead, we suggest that egg donation issues in the Hwang affair can be interpreted under the paradoxical context, in which Korean women are situated in the age of biotechnology. On the one hand, the invisibility of women as subjects in the public sphere led to their lack of social control over ova trafficking and made it possible for a huge number of eggs to be supplied secretly for Hwang’s team. The patriarchal structure of family, the myth of economic growth, and the restricted activities of feminist organizations are possible contributors to the invisibility of Korean women. On the other hand, in the practices of bodily technologies such as cosmetic surgery and reproductive technologies, Korean women have been highly visible. With the help of those technological instruments, women have been empowered to own their own bodies and to have them at their disposal. We argue that these dualistic realities of women as egg owners can explain the egg donation culture among Korean women in the Hwang affair.

福柯的身体理论与女性主义

在传统哲学中,身体一直是不被关注的他者,一个不能表达的沉默者,一个空洞的符号。从尼采到福柯,身体被拯救了出来,地位凸显。福柯的身体理论,诠释了身体备受摧残与压抑的历史,从古典时期的肉体惩罚到现代的灵魂惩罚,让我们看到了知识与权力合谋对身体的规训。女性主义者深受福柯身体理论的启发,开始关注被操纵、控制、压抑的女性身体。在现代消费语境下,女性身体成为被看的对象、商品化的观赏物,运用女性主义视角分析女性在当下的处境,提高女性意识是很必要的,女性主义任重而道远。     

市场经济与女性网络文学的商业化

女性网络文学生长在市场经济形成、社会商业化和全球经济一体化进程中,带着满身铜臭来到人间,并且出现了一些极端商业化写手和作品,但是多数从事网络文学的作家没有放弃做人的根本和艺术的真诚。所以,社会应该加强对网络产业的管理力度和制度建设,促进网络文化产品的规范化,改变其一味倾心市场的趋向,减少和消除极端商业化现象。     

‘We Don’t Need Another Hero’

The collapse of the Berlin Wall is usually associated with images of progress, with falling autocrats and rising liberties. But things are not quite as straightforward if scrutinized from the vantage-point of women. Despite their unusually active participation in the mass protests of 1989, women in the eastern part of Germany suffered a series of setbacks in the subsequent unification process, most notably in the realms of reproductive rights, employment opportunities and access to affordable day-care. This article engages contending feminist approaches in East and West Germany in an attempt to highlight the controversial but central role the concept of patriarchy occupies in understanding the gendered effects of unification. To recognize the significance of patriarchal domination is not to deny that some forms of dissent - and even emancipatory transformation - have taken place. It does, however, necessitate an understanding of gender-related domination and resistance that focuses not only on heroic revolutionary events and on political, legal and institutional features, but also, and perhaps even primarily, on relatively mundane daily struggles that take place over values and societal expectations.