Chilean Feminism(s) in the 1990s Paradoxes of an Unfinished Transition

This article discusses the changes experienced by the feminist movement in post- transition Chile from the perspective of two specific issues. First, the fundamental "paradox' facing this movement today, that is, its relative success in "gender mainstreaming' together with feminism's increasing weakness as a political actor. And second, the relevance of external and internal factors in transforming feminism and the role each has played in its current situation. The article attempts to answer some of the queries posed by this two-fold process: What explains the feminist movement's absence from public spheres? Why was the movement's previous creative force not translated into renewed political power in the democratic context? What factors have contributed towards the lack of articulation among actors who had been able to form a visible movement for the rest of society in the past? And, to what extent have structural transformations conditioned the changes experienced by feminism? The article is structured in three sections. The first analyses some of the social and political factors relevant for the reconfiguration of the movement in the 1990s through an analysis of the political system. The second concentrates on the object of study itself, that is, the feminist movement. It seeks to reconstruct its trajectory, origins and development, the changes it has undergone throughout the transition process and, especially, its present characteristics. Finally, some concluding remarks are provided.     

Re-thinking Transition: Globalism,Gender and Class

This article addresses the questions the ending of the Cold War raises for the understanding of gender and politics. It starts with the surprise that has been caused by the events of transition, and reflects this back to ask how expectations of transition which have consistently not been fulfilled, are produced. Why did feminism not develop in the wake of state socialism in the way many thought that it would? An argument is put forward to show how an idea of the West and of liberal freedom is at stake in the interpretation of the events of postcommunism. The article analyses how an idea of western freedom, which presupposes that identities under democratic and communist regimes are the same, also underpins tensions in West–East transnational feminist debate. A reconceptualization of transition is offered, first through a critique of the Newtonian concept of absolute space that underpins the idea of liberal freedom and the way in which this operates in civil society discourse. Second, a new analytical framework is offered, using the alternative, relativistic, concept of 'curved space'. Unlike the notion of absolute space, 'curved space' cannot be defined in the abstract, but is produced by and produces the specific identities which exist at any given moment in time. Different processes of identity formation in the West and in the East, can thus be related to differences in the curvature of space, that is, to the differences, in communist and democratic regimes, of relations of power. These power relation differences are a reflection of the organization of the economy-state. The article then shows how the hierarchization of citizenship is implied in the state/economy changes being put in place in the former Soviet Bloc. The institutionalization of gender after communism can be seen as part of an historically unprecedented process of social differentiation implicated in the re-introduction of private rights, and in the market economy and class relations which for the first time in history, are being required and instituted by (supra)states.     

Guerrilla USA: The George Jackson Brigade and the Anticapitalist Underground of the 1970s

The purpose of this profile is to address the Spanish 15M movement from a gender perspective, focusing, on the one hand, on the role played by feminist demands within it and, on the other, on how feminism may have contributed to the 15M, its internal debate and its further developments unfolding in the current Spanish political context. In order to do that, we first explore how feminist demands were initially received in the camps and the reactions they raised among the media and citizenship. Second, we tackle how this case of overlap between a larger group and feminist groups is different from previous collaborations and confrontations. Finally, we focus on how the 15M movement has transformed (or not) as a result of feminism and the implications of this process towards rethinking the role of feminism within contemporary Spanish politics.     

宗教根源,圣经主题——再读美国黑人女性主义文学

西方浓重的基督教根源是美国黑人女性主义文学中主人／厶＼悲惨命运的宗教根源,而基督教的圣典《圣经》中耶稣救赎世间,追求美好家园的主题也同样是美国黑人女性文学所揭示的一个主题。在美国黑人女作家笔下,主人公们克服自身的劫难,最终成就完美的自我。文章从宗教根源出发,结合《圣经》对西方文学的深刻影响,探寻美国黑人女性主义文学创作的重大意义。     

恩格斯思想中的女性主义——论《家庭、私有制和国家起源》

自人类诞生以来,人们从对女性繁衍后代的无限崇拜的蒙昧时代的群婚制度,走向以男性为主导的文明时代的一夫一妻的家庭形式。女性经历两重天的社会待遇。哪里有压迫哪里就有反抗,人们对于追求平等和自由的天性,给予了人类无限的力量。女性作为人类的一个重要部分,对其生存和发展的权利也抱有极大的热忱,女性主义作为一种研究亦受到人们的重视。在马克思主义和社会主义的研究的一开始,学者们就给予女性主义和妇女解放以明确的肯定和支持。恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家起源》一书中对此进行了精辟的论述,是马克思主义和社会主义女性主义理论的经典著作。     

Strategic quest and the search for the primal mother

This paper seeks to offer a Jungian perspective on the purposive behaviour of organizations and to throw light on the recent preoccupation with various organizational initiatives such as quality management, benchmarking, and even strategic approaches to HRD. The paper is unconventional in its approach in that it seeks to engage with the issues it discusses in both its form and its content. The purpose of the paper is to give attention to feminine aspects of the organization and, in particular, to the relegation of the feminine from the organization and, by implication, from social life. Here the feminine equates to the Jungian anima, the archetype of the male feminine. The ideas in the paper operate in the space between the organization as regulation and purposive rationality and the organization as living, physical bodies: between the Law and the Body. The form of the paper replicates these divisions and so text boxes run throughout the text to exemplify the captured otherness which is a central concern of the paper. The rationale for the text boxes is understated to allow the relationship between the rational and the physical to remain playful and ambivalent (see Baudrillard 1990). The paper is concerned with the questing behaviour of organizations and the expression of loss of the feminine, with the construction of masculine emblems that seek to substitute for the lost feminine, and with the impossibility of fulfilment.     

反思现代女性主义

现代女性主义重行动轻理论,一直面临理论上的挑战。对女性主义不断反思,提高理论研究水平,是女性主义在当代发展的一大关键。一、“新关系论”作为分析哲学“对思想进行‘科学’研究”的方法,可以纠正女性主义性别分析中的片面性;二、现代西方政治哲学关于平等问题,提出了新的理论分析,现代女性主义的性别研究,同样不可忽视这些新的理论成果;三、女性主义将“空间”和“场域”理念引入性别研究,同样具有突破意义。     

论池莉小说女性意识的嬗变

从20世纪80年代初至今,池莉的创作风格有两次较为明显的转变,创作视角从中性立场到坚持女性视角创作,从两性的激烈对抗到渐趋平和,池莉小说中体现出的女性意识逐渐成熟,通过对池莉各时期作品的梳理,可以分析其创作历程中女性意识的嬗变。     

寻求者的声音--对张爱玲《倾城之恋》的一种解读

从女性视角解读<倾城之恋>,可以透过平凡婚恋故事的表层伪装看到张爱玲对中国传统文化的思考和抗争.白流苏的叛逆与孤立、传统意象的解构与重写、女性自然本相的异化,无不表现了作者对父系文化圈有意无意的抗拒和失望.     

蒙古族女作家额鲁特·珊丹小说的生态女性主义解读--以《遥远的额济纳》为例

《遥远的额济纳》这篇小说将着眼点置于女性的命运与自然环境的演变之上,使女性与自然成为贯穿故事的两条脉络。在小说中,女性与自然经验相似、地位相同、命运相依;而两个男性角色分别成为男性中心主义的象征;小说也强调了人与自然的紧密联系,体现出反人类中心主义的意味,这些分别体现着生态女性主义精神最为核心的三个方面。小说也通过女主人公悲剧性的结局,表达了生态女性主义最根本的诉求。