Trends in American family size diversity

Population Research and Policy Review - How diverse is American society and are Americans becoming more or less diverse? Contemporary discussions claim high and increasing diversity, but analyze...     

Burn-out as a crisis in self-efficacy: Conceptual and practical implications

This paper reviews the central role of self-efficacy expectations in a variety of approaches to organizational performance and management. It also explores the implications of self-efficacy for the study of psychological burn-out. It is proposed that conceptualizing burn-out as a crisis in self-efficacy would allow a more reasonable understanding of moderate instances of the syndrome, and would differentiate the concept of burn-out distinctly from the related field of occupational stress. The paper proposes the utility of a more specific construct of professional efficacy in light of the essential achievement experiences which occur in the workplace. It is proposed that a clearer delineation of the role of professional efficacy throughout these research approaches would enhance the coherence of the field. In conclusion the paper discusses implications for research and practice.     

压缩空气站的恒压节能运行

本文介绍利用斩波式串级调速闭环系统,实现高功率因数条件下压缩空气站的送气恒压,用气量与主轴电机转速成比例连续调节的节能运行方案.     

企业内部控制机制对创新模式选择的影响分析

本文通过理论分析建立了企业内部控制机制与创新模式之间的理论模型,提出了企业内部战略控制与企业的突变创新正相关,与渐进创新负相关,企业内部财务控制与突变创新负相关,与渐进创新正相关的假设,并通过实证分析验证了这些假设,为企业创新选择提供了理论支持。     

控制权转移与企业业绩

本文利用1997-2001年发生控制权转移的企业为样本,运用因子分析方法,研究了控制权转移与企业业绩之间的关系,创新性地对企业业绩从盈利性和增长性两方面进行分解评价,并进一步辨识了并购行为的特征。研究结论:(1)与市场整体水平相比,控制权转移企业中业绩较好的企业占27%,业绩较差的占22%,业绩中等的占51%;(2)控制权转移虽然能短暂地提升业绩,但并不能长久提升;业绩短暂提升是通过业绩增长实现的,而企业盈利能力始终没有提升;(3)控制权转移的财务性并购特征高于战略性并购特征。     

Parental religiosity and daughters’ fertility: the case of Catholics in southern Europe

Preferences, including preferences for children, are shaped during the formative years of childhood. It is therefore essential to include exposure to religious practice during childhood in an attempt to establish a link between religiosity and fertility. This path has not been explored in the documented literature that looks at the relationship between current religiosity and fertility. The International Social Survey Programme: Religion II (ISSP) provides the data base. It includes information on maternal/paternal/own mass participation when the respondent was a child (nine levels each), as well as on his current churchgoing (six levels) and prayer habits (eleven levels). These variables are included as explanatory variables in ‘fertility equations’ that explain the number of children of Catholic women in Spain and Italy. The core findings are that exposure to religiosity during the formative years of childhood, has a pronounced effect on women’s ‘taste for children’ that later on translates into the number of her offspring. In Spain, the two parents have major opposite effects on women. Most striking is the negative effect of the mother’s intensity of church attendance on her daughter’s fertility: Women who were raised by an intensively practicing mother have on average one child less that their counterparts who were raised by a less religious mother. On the other hand, an intensively practicing father encourages the daughter to have more children (by about 0.8, on average). The Italian sample confirms the statistically significant negative effect of the mother’s religiosity. The father’s religious conduct has apparently no effect on Italian women’s birth rates. Current religiosity seems to be irrelevant, both in Spain and in Italy. It follows that religiosity and fertility are interrelated but the mechanism is probably different from the simplistic causality that is suggested in the literature.

中国人口出生控制成效的比较分析

中国 ①的计划生育工作起始于 2 0世纪 5 0年代。从 1 95 5年到 1 971年 ,中国推行的是一般性的家庭计划生育政策 ,从 1 971年至今 ,中国推行的是家庭计划生育与国家计划生育相结合的政策。如果不实行任何形式的计划生育政策 ,2 0 0 0年末中国人口将会达到 1 8 5 8亿 ,如果象印度那样只倡导自愿实行家庭计划生育 ,将会达到 1 5 3 2亿。过去 45年中 ,中国一共少生了 5 88亿人 ,其中由于实行国家计划生育政策少生了 2 6 2亿人 ,而一般性的家庭计划生育政策少生了 3 2 6亿人。计划生育为中国的社会经济发展做出了巨大的贡献     

Gendering fertility: Second births in Sweden and Hungary

With the growing prevalence of the dual-earner family model in industrialized countries the gendered nature of the relationship between employment and parenting has become a key issue for childbearing decisions and behavior. In such a context taking into account the societal gender structure (public policies, family-level gender relations) explicitly can enhance our understanding of contemporary fertility trends. In this paper we study the second birth, given its increasing importance in the developed world as large proportions of women remain childless or bear only one child. We focus on Sweden where gender equality is pronounced at both the societal and the family level and on Hungary where the dual-earner model has been accompanied by traditional gender relations in the home sphere. Our analysis is based on data extracted from the Swedish and Hungarian Fertility and Family Surveys of 1992/93. We use the method of hazard regression. The results suggest that the second-birth intensity increases as the combination of parenthood and labor-force attachment of either parent is facilitated. We see this in the effect of family policies in Sweden and in the higher second-birth intensity of couples who share family responsibilities as compared to those with traditional gender-role behavior in both countries. Also, the lack of any visible impact of men's educational attainment in both Sweden and Hungary is probably linked to public policies as state support for families with children has reduced the importance of income for second childbearing. A positive educational gradient for Swedish women and an essentially zero gradient in Hungary reflects the success of policy measures in reducing fertility cost for more educated women in both countries.     

城市流动人口计划生育管理的社区服务模式

我国目前对流动人口实行的防范式行政管理方法,在实际中不易落实,且易引起流动人口的排斥抵触情绪。因此必须针对流动人口的特点,采用计生社区服务模式为主的工作方式,转交流动人口的传统生育观。流动人口计生社区服务模式应着重:以经常性的宣传教育服务为宗旨;以生产、生活、生育服务为主线;注重社区服务的福利性质;以促进城市居民与流动人口沟通为目的。流动人口计生社区服务对于流动人口本身和社区计划生育而言具有很多优势,是以后流动人口计划生育管理服务的发展方向。     

马尔萨斯“两种抑制”的观点及解脱“人口陷阱”的制度条件

马尔萨斯以推动社会进步为目的,主张采取多种预防性办法来抑制人口。马尔萨斯提出了解脱“人口陷阱”所必须的制度条件,并把有效抑制人口增长、改善人民生活的社会途径归纳为：一种充满就业机会、多样性选择的社会条件,将会最大限度地激发人们的个人努力,并在有效的法律保护下激励人们遵从一种更加理性的生活方式。马尔萨斯的一些人口经济思想至今仍然具有学术价值。