Doing Difference/Doing Power: Negotiations of Race and Gender in a Mentoring Program

This study is an empirical exploration of how people negotiate structural inequality and interpersonal power relations through the interactive accomplishment of difference. The author presents data on a mentoring program in which college women were paired with middle school girls across race, class, and age differences. The data show white mentors' status and authority depended less on the program's structure and more on the middle school girls' interactional maneuvers to make race difference particularly salient in the mentoring relationships and, more important, to establish a set of meanings for racial difference that made African American higher in status than white. Bridging research and theory on “doing difference” and status relations, the author argues that the accomplishment of difference alone is not the main mechanism by which structural inequalities are produced in everyday life. Instead, the accomplishment of difference is reflective, productive, and sometimes divergent of structural inequalities when, within interaction, people (1) accomplish difference in a way that raises the salience of that difference for defining the situation and (2) establish meanings that define that difference as a status hierarchy.     

“Sugar and Spice But Not Always Nice”: Gender Socialization and its Impact on Development and Maintenance of Aggression in Adolescent Girls

Aggression in girls is a problem that is gaining increased attention. The indirect forms of relational aggression historically used by girls to harm their victims are increasingly escalating into physical altercations. An understanding of the interplay between the developmental and contextual factors that contribute to learned aggression in girls is needed to inform program development that truly responds to the unique gender socialization of girls. This article examines parental, environmental, and peer factors for their contributions to the development of girls’ aggression. Implications for program development that teaches girls and their families alternative ways of expressing their needs and protecting themselves from harm is discussed.     

性别规范对娱乐服务业陪侍女性性关系控制能力的影响

本文利用2004年一项对上海娱乐服务场所女性陪侍人员的调查数据,试图探讨不平等的性别规范是如何通过女性的个人认知对其性关系的控制能力产生影响的。研究发现,建立在男性统治和女性服从基础之上的性别规范已经内化为娱乐服务业陪侍女性的价值取向,从而影响了她们在商业性关系中的控制力和主导力,并放弃采用安全性行为。因此,针对该人群的艾滋病行为干预必须综合考虑性别文化的特殊性,在传授健康知识的基础上重视为女性赋权。     

Gender-based health interventions in the United States: An overview of the coalition for healthier community initiative

Health disparities by gender constitute an important yet often overlooked aspect of health around the globe. Within the United States, there is both a paucity of research as well as planned programs that take into account how socio-cultural roles and expectations for men and women may differentially affect symptoms, access to care, and treatment. Viewing women's health exclusively as a function of sex (i.e., biological) differences represents a narrow understanding that does not fully explain gaps in health disparities between men and women. In September 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) launched a national initiative entitled the Coalition for a Healthier Community (CHC) to employ a gender-based framework in several urban, suburban and rural communities across the nation. The Office on Women's Health (OWH) within the DHHS funded 10 coalitions to ultimately improve the health of women and girls utilizing a gender-based approach. This article provides an overview of the initiative and the focus of the special issue.     

Agricultural economic reforms,gender inequality and poverty in Senegal

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, the agricultural sector plays a key role in the economy. In addition to supplying food, agriculture is the most important source of employment, especially for women. Through the Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PES), the Senegalese government is implementing an ambitious financing plan to improve the productivity of the agricultural sector and enhance employment opportunities for women. Our study assesses the impact of two PES measures (investment subsidies and an increase in production subsidies for the agricultural sectors) on economic growth, women's employment, poverty and inequality using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model linked to a microsimulation model. The results show that both policies have generally positive effects in reducing poverty and gender inequalities. However, investment subsidies in the agricultural sectors have stronger impacts in reducing gender inequality and poverty in the long term.     

从偏好的聚合到偏好的转换：中国农村民主形式变迁的内在理路

表达、汇集和满足偏好是民主的原本内涵和民主形式演进的内驱力。偏好聚合式的选举民主在中国获得了较大成就,并成为目前农村最主要的民主形式之一。但偏好聚合式的选举民主由于忽视了若干问题,导致其价值的发挥存在一定限度。为了更好地将村民个体的偏好表现出来,满足其管理乡村事务的需求,必须实现由偏好的聚合到偏好的转换,即实现从选举民主到协商民主的变迁,这是中国农村基层民主形式变迁的内在理路,也彰显了十八届三中全会民主政治建设的新思路。     

An experimental evaluation of the descriptive validity of lottery-dependent utility theory

This article compares the performance of the expected utility (EU) and lottery-dependent expected utility (LDEU) models in predicting the actual choices of experimental subjects among risky options. In the process, we present two approaches for calibrating the LDEU model for an individual decision maker. The results indicate that while LDEU exhibits a higher potential for correctly predicting choice, the version of the model calibrated by indifference judgments does not outperform EU. We suggest a functional form for the parametric functions that defines the LDEU model, and discuss ways in which this function can be incorporated into choice-based assessment approaches to improve predictions.This research was supported in part by the Business Associates Fund at the Fuqua School of Business, Duke University.     

新疆入境外国游客客源市场分析基于亲景度、竞争态及SSM

分析新疆入境外国游客客源市场,明确市场的发展现状、存在问题和未来趋势,更有利于旅游业快速发展。运用亲景度、竞争态和SSM方法,借助有关统计数据,从不同角度探讨新疆入境外国游客客源市场的研究结果表明:各客源国入境外国游客对新疆的整体亲景度稳中下降;市场竞争态整体良好,但某些客源国市场增长率明显缓慢;市场竞争力在全国较强,但市场结构欠佳。针对各客源市场的不同,提出了相应的发展对策。     

Demography and Social Science

Research has demonstrated that son preference has a serious impact on the survival and well-being of female infants and children in some parts of South and East Asia, but little is known about the consequences of son preference in later childhood and adolescence. We compare children's growth trajectories in height over childhood and adolescence in China, where the level of son preference is relatively high, and the Philippines, where it is relatively low. Children's height reflects long-term nutritional status and exposure to infectious diseases, both influenced by household decision-making and, presumably, by a preference for sons. Using data from two high-quality longitudinal studies and multilevel growth models, we find that male children in China show an additional height advantage relative to their female counterparts, when compared to the sex difference in growth trajectories in the Philippines. Further analysis reveals that the additional advantage of males in China is stronger in rural areas.