Women, Language and Identity

This paper explores the ways in which women and men use language to mark gender boundaries, and to convey femininity and masculinity in the construction of a gendered identity. The first section of the paper examines evidence that language serves as a gender identity marker not only in the particular phonological variants used more by women than by men, but also in the wider stylistic range evident in women's discourse in some communities. The gender distribution and social meanings associated with particular pragmatic particles and interactional devices provide another indication of the ways in which women and men construct and express femininity and masculinity in interaction. The final section analyses the construction of stereotypical gender identities through conversational interaction, firstly by means of a narrative and secondly through the carefully crafted dialogue of an advertisement. The paper demonstrates the complementary nature of macro-level quantitative studies and qualitative ethnographic analysis in gender research.     

Public–private wage differential and gender gap in Latin America: Spoiled bureaucrats and exploited women?

This paper uses a rich collection of household surveys to investigate the wage differential between the public and private sectors in 13 Latin American countries. It also studies how the sector of employment affects the gender wage gap. Contrary to what is commonly thought, it is found that, in the majority of Latin American countries, there is a premium associated with working in the public sector. It is also found that the premium is often higher for women than for men but that this difference does not compensate for the wide gender gap.     

A Paradox for the “Smooth Ambiguity” Model of Preference

Two Ellsberg‐style thought experiments are described that reflect on the smooth ambiguity decision model developed by Klibanoff, Marinacci, and Mukerji (2005). The first experiment poses difficulties for the model's axiomatic foundations and, as a result, also for its interpretation, particularly for the claim that the model achieves a separation between ambiguity and the attitude toward ambiguity. Given the problematic nature of its foundations, the behavioral content of the model and how it differs from multiple priors, for example, are not clear. The second thought experiment casts some light on these questions.     

中国新主流消费人群偏好品牌的创新设计——以诚品书店和故宫文创为例

普遍性的品牌价值增长时代即将结束,中国新主流消费群体已成为未来最大的增量消费群体。新老企业的品牌创新设计应充分考虑未来主流消费群体的需求,为成功转型升级的企业做好品牌战略定位。研究发现,基于中国新主流消费人群偏好的品牌形象设计具有一定的共性特征。通过消费认同理论中的自我认同和社会认同,对两个当下深受新主流消费人群喜好的案例品牌属性进行分析。在消费认同理论中,分别找到品牌定位、产品与空间、服务与推广三大品牌设计项目中的对应属性。探讨了品牌设计在受众的自我认同和社会认同两方面的迎合策略,得到了品牌设计策略可参照的设计规律。     

A New PC-Based Test for Varian's Weak Separability Conditions

This article develops a new method to evaluate revealed preference separability conditions. In contrast to previous studies, our results generally find weak separability, even when datasets have some measurement error. In addition, revealed preference and weak separability appear robust to measurement error, different price distributions, and alternative preference settings. Measurement error generally results in relatively few violations of revealed preference or weak separability.     

农户分化、财产价值认知与宅基地退出行为

基于长三角地区实地调查,分析了农户分化对宅基地退出意愿及受偿方式选择的影响路径,进一步探讨了财产价值认知的中介效应。结果发现:(1)农户分化对宅基地退出意愿既有直接影响也有间接影响,财产价值认知发挥中介作用,中介效应占比11.85％;(2)农户分化会显著负向影响农户对城镇房屋置换补偿方式的选择,显著正向影响农户的一次性货币补偿选择,中介效应占比分别为17.05％和12.70％;(3)相比较于远郊区,近郊区农户分化对宅基地财产价值认知和退出意愿都更加强烈,两个区域农户在受偿方式选择上存在一定差异。基于此,建议政府通过拓宽宅基地退出后农户的就业渠道、加强宅基地制度改革的政策宣传以及制定多元化的宅基地退出补偿机制等措施推进宅基地制度改革。     

Cooperation and preference by peers in early childhood: A longitudinal study

Children who are more proficient in cooperation with peers tend to be more preferred. To date, the development of peer cooperation has been studied mainly in two research traditions, one focusing on action coordination and the other focusing on interaction quality. Both aspects of cooperation are relevant for children's peer relations, but it is unclear whether both aspects of children's earliest cooperation skills predict their later preference by peers after the transition into organized social groups in school. In this study, we assessed coordination proficiency and interaction quality of 181 Dutch children longitudinally from 2 to 4 years of age. No relation between early action coordination and later preference by peers at school was found. However, especially in girls more affiliative and fewer antagonistic behaviors at the age of two predicted likeability among classmates at school at the age of four. The findings shine new light on the earliest foundations of children's peer evaluations.     

Testing the gender similarities hypothesis: differences in subjective task value and motivation to transfer training

ABSTRACT

Are female and male trainees similar or different in their reaction to training programmes, specifically regarding their subjective task value and motivation to transfer? According to the gender similarities hypothesis, women and men are alike on most psychological variables. However, according to research in organizational behaviour, female and male employees differ on certain aspects, such as their job satisfaction and work identity. To test these two views on gender similarities and differences in the context of human resource development and training evaluation, the present study examined the extent to which gender moderated reactions to training. Based on the expectancy-value theory of motivation and self-determination theory, a web-based questionnaire was used to measure six training reactions: intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, perceived relative cost, autonomous motivation to transfer, and controlled motivation to transfer. The results indicated that women and men differed in their ratings of attainment value but were similar for the remaining five reaction measures. These outcomes support the gender similarities hypothesis. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for modelling gender effects in HRD research and their practical significance for promoting training effectiveness and transfer of training.