我国出生性别比例失调之法律思考

出生性别比例失调反映出生育领域存在男女不平等现象,这一“不和谐音符”,已成为迫切需要引起广泛关注的问题。通过对我国性别比例失调的基本现状及原因进行分析,认为应借鉴韩国、印度以及我国台湾地区的有效措施,通过完善现行刑法、妇女权益保障法以及社会保障法规制度,采取法律手段来解决出生性别比例失调问题。     

现行生育保险制度亟待解决的问题及改进对策

目前我国的生育保险制度存在发展不平衡,覆盖面不广,基金筹集渠道窄,待遇标准不统一,管理手段落后等问题,对此,建议采取加大宣传力度,强化生育保险意识,实行社会统筹制度,加快法制建设等有效措施,完善我国的生育保险制度。     

乌鲁木齐市养老机构中存在的问题与对策分析

文章从系统论的角度出发，通过对乌鲁木齐市养老机构的调查，分析了养老机构在资金投入不足、优惠政策较难落实、管理体制不灵活及工作人员素质较低、设施不完善、服务质量不高等方面存在的问题。针对以上问题提出养老机构要增强服务意识，实现管理民主化，并且可以通过引入社会工作，使服务更加专业化。     

文学想象与“文化共同体”——从《鲁迅〈故乡〉阅读史》一书谈起

《鲁迅〈故乡〉阅读史》一书,是藤井省三从事鲁迅研究二十年来的总结之作。本书从鲁迅的短篇小说《故乡》入手,以文学社会学方法透视现代中国知识群体的阅读情况,考察＂想象的共同体＂如何发挥民族国家建构的作用。其＂小题大做,旁敲侧击＂,力图呈现的可谓是＂文学的社会史＂。从《鲁迅〈故乡〉阅读史》的脉络转到村上春树的中国阅读史研究,藤井为自己的研究对象构筑了开阔的时空关系,看似天马行空的论述背后,其一以贯之的文化体认也蕴蓄其中。     

美国家庭学校学生的社会化问题初探

本文首先介绍了家庭学校的定义和起源 ,然后重点对国外该领域正反两方面的研究进行了综述 ,同时本文还借鉴国内社会学、教育社会学理论对家庭学校学生的社会化问题进行了分析。家庭学校学生的社会化不像反对者担心的那么严重 ,相反很多家庭学校实践者正是看重社会化才选择了实施家庭学校     

Women’s experiences of birth trauma: A scoping review

BackgroundA high number of Australian women report experiencing traumatic birth events. Despite high incidence and potential wide spread and long-lasting effects, birth trauma is poorly recognised and insufficiently treated. Birth trauma can trigger ongoing psychosocial symptoms for women, including anxiety, tokophobia, bonding difficulties, relationship issues and PTSD. Additionally, women’s future fertility choices can be inhibited by birth trauma.AimTo summarize the existing literature to provide insight into women’s experiences of birth trauma unrelated to a specific pre-existing obstetric or contextual factor.MethodsThe review follows 5 stages of Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. 7 databases were searched using indexed terms and boolen operators. Data searching identified 1354 records, 5 studies met inclusion criteria.FindingsThree key themes emerged; (1) health care providers and the maternity care system. (2) Women’s sense of knowing and control. (3) Support.DiscussionContinuity of carer creates the foundations for facilitative interactions between care provider and woman which increases the likelihood of a positive birth experience. Women are able to gain a sense of feeling informed and being in control when empowering and individualized care is offered. Functional social supports and forms of debriefing promotes psychological processing and can enable post traumatic growth.ConclusionExisting literature highlights how birth trauma is strongly influenced by negative health care provider interactions and dysfunctional operation of the maternity care system. A lack of education and support limited informed decision-making, resulting in feelings of losing control and powerlessness which contributes to women’s trauma. Insufficient support further compounds women’s experiences.     

Uncovered and disrespected. A qualitative study of Jordanian women’s experience of privacy in birth

BackgroundPrivacy is related to a person’s sense of self and the need to be respected and it is a key factor that contributes to women’s satisfaction with their birth experiences.AimTo examine the meaning of privacy for Jordanian women during labour and birth.MethodA qualitative interpretive design was used. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 27 Jordanian women. Of these women, 20 were living in Jordan while seven were living in Australia (with birthing experience in both Jordan and Australia). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe phrase ‘there is no privacy’ captured women’s experience of birth in Jordanian public hospitals and in some private hospital settings. Women in public hospitals in Jordan had to share a room during their labour with no screening. This experience meant that they were, “lying there for everyone to see”, “not even covered by a sheet” and with doctors and others coming in and out of their room. This experience contrasted with birth experienced in Australia.ConclusionsThis study explicates the meaning of privacy to Jordanian women and demonstrates the impact of the lack of privacy during labour and birth. Seeking a birth in a private hospital in Jordan was one of the strategies that women used to gain privacy, although this was not always achieved. Some strategies were identified to facilitate privacy, such as being covered by a sheet; however, even simple practices are difficult to change in a patriarchal, medically dominated maternity system.     

Variables related to maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care in Northern Italy

BackgroundThe experience of labour and birth is complex, multidimensional and subjective and has the potential to affect the women and their families physically and emotionally. However, there is a lack of research around maternal satisfaction in Italy.AimTo evaluate mothers’ satisfaction with their childbirth experience in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history and intrapartum care variables.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 277 women who had given birth in a low risk maternity unit in Northern Italy was undertaken. Satisfaction with birth was measured using the Italian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (I-BSS-R). The scale comprises three Sub-Scales: quality of care provided, personal attributes of women and stress experienced during childbirth.FindingsNo socio-demographic variables were related to maternal satisfaction. Multiparous women had a higher satisfaction score (p = 0.020; CI:0.23;2.75). Antenatal class attendance was negatively associated with maternal satisfaction (p = 0.038; CI:−2.58; −0.07). Intrapartum variables that significantly reduced maternal satisfaction were: epidural usage (p = 0.000; CI:−4.66; −2.07), active phase >12 h (p = 0.000; CI:−6.01; −2.63), oxytocin administration (p = 0.000; CI:−5.08; −2.29) and vacuum assisted birth (p = 0.001; CI:−6.50; −1.58). Women with an intact perineum were more likely to be satisfied (p = 0.008; CI:−4.60; −0.69).DiscussionIn accordance with other research, we showed that intrapartum interventions are negatively associated with maternal outcomes and therefore also with maternal satisfaction with birth. The sub-scale that measured Quality of Care provided scored higher than the other two Sub-Scales.ConclusionFurther studies on maternal satisfaction in Italy should be conducted, using the I-BSS-R with the aim to compare outcomes and understand what matters to women during childbirth.