Does a Perinatal Infant Mental Health Team Hold the Family in Mind? Opportunities and Challenges for Working Systemically in this Specialised Field

This paper considers whether systemic family therapy frameworks are used in current Perinatal Infant Mental Health (PIMH) practice. PIMH is a field that is, by nature, relational, focusing on enhancing the development of early parent–infant relationships. It is well accepted that the early years of an infant's life are crucial for brain development, and disturbances in early parent–infant relationships can impact negatively upon the child's development. Five clinicians from a PIMH service in a metropolitan area participated in a focus group related to key systemic concepts: genograms, family of origin, transitions, and morphogenesis. Findings suggest that the PIMH team does hold the family in mind, utilising systemic frameworks predominately in the engagement and assessment phase of intervention. They also highlight that PIMH clinicians focus on roles and boundaries occurring within the immediate and extended family unit and support families with the transition to family expansion phase. The application of working systemically differed significantly among participants, suggesting that the use of systemic frameworks in the PIMH field requires further exploration.     

Influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices in a rural community in Papua New Guinea: A critical discourse analysis of first-time mothers’ perspectives

BackgroundAlmost all babies are breastfed in Papua New Guinea (PNG); yet appropriate breastfeeding practices are not always followed.AimTo explore the perspectives of first-time mothers in rural PNG on how the language and discourse of grandmothers about infant feeding influence their breastfeeding practices.MethodsA critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach was used to theoretically frame the analysis of twenty first-time mothers’ narratives.FindingsAnalysis revealed three themes: (i) prescribed knowledge repository, (ii) social control and dominance, and (iii) disapproval and role conflict, which provides an understanding of grandmothers’ differing views and positions on infant feeding practices and their influence on breastfeeding.ConclusionThis study shows that grandmothers remain influential in infant feeding practices in rural PNG. There appears to be a societal expectation that empowers grandmothers in the maternal decision-making processes regarding breastfeeding practice. Grandmothers’ influence includes the early introduction of complementary foods to infants less than six months old. Interventions aimed at promoting, protecting, and supporting breastfeeding need to include grandmothers.     

动植物提取液对草鱼诱食作用的初步研究

在设有4个间隔的玻璃水槽中观察记录10min后40尾草鱼1~+龄草鱼种进入置饵间隔的尾数作为诱食指标。试验了14种植物、9种动物组织的水提取液对试验鱼的诱食效果。其中植物提取液以黑芝麻和菹草效果最好(P<0.01),动物提取液以草鱼和鲦鱼的肌肉提取液效果最好(P<0.05)。商品诱鱼剂“集鱼灵”的诱食效果也达到显著水平(P<0.05)。植物中,有显著诱食效果(P<0.02)的种类占43％,动物组织提取液的相应比例是56％。芫荽和鱼腥草有轻微的驱避作用。     

皮屑蛋白粉替代蚕蛹饲喂仔猪和生长肥育猪的试验

将115头哺乳仔猪随机分成两组,分别按4.5％的比例加入皮屑蛋白粉和优质蚕蛹粉于相同基础日粮中,进行日增重比较研究,结果皮屑蛋白组日增重为329.6g,对照组为322g,两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。将40头生长肥育猪分成两组,分别按5％的比例加入皮屑蛋白粉和优质蚕蛹粉于相同基础日粮中,进行日增重、料肉比、经济效益比较研究,结果皮屑蛋白组与对照组日增重和料向比差异不显著(P>0.05),皮屑蛋白组每增重1kg的饲料成本比对照组降低5.6％。     

Infant Smiling Dynamics and Perceived Positive Emotion

To better understand early positive emotional expression, automated software measurements of facial action were supplemented with anatomically based manual coding. These convergent measurements were used to describe the dynamics of infant smiling and predict perceived positive emotional intensity. Over the course of infant smiles, degree of smile strength varied with degree of eye constriction (cheek raising, the Duchenne marker), which varied with degree of mouth opening. In a series of three rating studies, automated measurements of smile strength and mouth opening predicted naïve (undergraduate) observers’ continuous ratings of video clips of smile sequences, as well as naïve and experienced (parent) ratings of positive emotion in still images from the sequences. An a priori measure of smile intensity combining anatomically based manual coding of both smile strength and mouth opening predicted positive emotion ratings of the still images. The findings indicate the potential of automated and fine-grained manual measurements of facial actions to describe the course of emotional expressions over time and to predict perceptions of emotional intensity.     

全舍式饲养杂交商品鸭的试验

试验就天府肉鸭(♂)与四川麻鸭(♀)的杂交商品鸭的饲养方式进行了初步探讨,结果表明:采用全舍式饲养杂交商品鸭比采用网上平养定时放水的饲养方式平均日增重提高14.3％,饲料转化率提高11.0％,每饲喂一只鸭子平均经济效益提高27.1％,经X~2检验,两种饲养方式其发病率无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Types and timing of child maltreatment and early school success: A population-based investigation

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of types of child maltreatment and co-occurring risks in an entire county population of children in public education and to examine the unique relations of the child maltreatment types and timing on children's early academic success while accounting for the children's multiple-risk context. A cohort of 11,835 second grade students who were born in the county and attended the public school district served as participants. Information on first reported experiences of substantiated physical abuse, neglect, unsubstantiated child maltreatment reports, health, maternal, and social risks, and academic and behavioral outcomes was obtained and linked through a county-wide integrated data system. Results indicated that after controlling for demographics and the set of other risks, substantiated child neglect and unsubstantiated reports were associated with poorer outcomes than physical abuse. Also, first substantiated child maltreatment and unsubstantiated reports prior to kindergarten were related to a more comprehensive set of poor outcomes than post-kindergarten first reports. The differential patterns that emerged for the association between age of first reported maltreatment by type and educational outcomes were discussed with implications for future research and policy.     

The Economic Theory of Fertility Over Three Decades

A large proportion of cohabitors in the Statistics Norway Omnibus Surveys of 1996 reported economic reasons for their hesitation to marry, and in particular the costs of the wedding. In line with this, the Norwegian Family and Occupation Survey of 1988 revealed effects both of women's cumulated income and men's non-employment on the actual choice of union type. Also some other evidence suggests that affordability matters, although there are plausible alternative interpretations. On the other hand, several estimates suggest that economic strength does not induce marriage. Since there also has been no deterioration of young adults' economic situation in Norway, except for the delay of economic independence owing to longer college enrolment, one can hardly claim that lack of affordability is a dominating force behind the massive drift away from marriage. The analysis is anchored in a theoretical framework that may prove useful in other studies of cohabitation as an alternative to marriage.     

中国各地区人口预期寿命及地理分布分析

平均预期寿命是世界公认的衡量人类进步的标准。本文以生命表为基础,主要依据我国第六次人口普查资料,计算各省市区的预期寿命并进行相关分析,计算结果表明,2010年中国人口平均预期寿命为78.17岁,男75.86岁,女80.68岁,已进入发达国家行列。预期寿命与婴儿死亡率呈负相关r＝-0.789,与人均国民总收入呈正相关r＝0.604。预期寿命女性比男性长4～7岁,符合一般规律。影响男性寿命低于女性的原因很多,本文重点讨论了遗传因素和生活方式的影响,并对预期寿命的地理分布进行分析。     

美国母婴幼入户指导项目循证管理:路径、特点与经验

循证管理强调以证据为导向评价项目效果,将循证理念应用于管理过程,它是保障美国母婴幼入户指导项目有效实施的重要手段。政府通过识别项目效果、明确投资决策、执行项目监控三步建构起循证管理框架,体现出重视技术支持与专业水平提升、细化操作指南与工作流程、强调部门合作与多主体参与的特征。借鉴美国经验,我国应逐渐强化政府管理责任、树立循证管理理念,形成循证管理模式、建设网络资源库,出台政策法规、建立管理问责制,以推动儿童早期发展的机会平等与打破贫困代际循环。