论侵犯知情同意权的类型

如何有效防范和化解医疗纠纷是医院和社会面临的共同问题。对医疗纠纷进行类型化研究，分析医疗纠纷产生的原因。结合现实案例，对侵犯知情同意权纠纷类型划分为：未取得患者同意而实施治疗行为、告知义务存在瑕疵以及侵犯知情权引起的纠纷三种。     

Is aspiration and sclerotherapy treatment for hydroceles in the aging male an evidence-based treatment?

Symptomatic hydroceles are commonly treated with surgical repair. They are associated with sexual dysfunction in the aging male. Patients who are not fit for surgery often undergo aspiration and sclerotherapy of the hydrocele. There is a range of sclerosing agents used in the literature. I performed a literature search to assess whether one sclerosant was better than the others. STDS is the sclerosing agent with the best cure rate after a single injection and low side effect rates. The cure rates of sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STDS) after a single aspiration and injection were 76%. After multiple treatments 94% achieved a cure. Patient satisfaction rates at mean 40 months were 95%. Complication rates were generally low and much lower than surgical repair. Aspiration and sclerotherapy have a role in treating symptomatic hydroceles. This literature review shows that this is over and above its current use in the UK, where it is used for patients unfit for general anaesthetic. If the patients are carefully selected for this procedure, they can have a good outcome and avoid the higher complication rate and longer recovery rates of surgical repair. Patients should be counselled about aspiration and sclerotherapy as part of the informed consent process.     

Community confidentiality,consent, and the individual research process: Implications for demographic research

Institutional review boards are increasingly meticulous about informed consent and risks and benefits to study participants. Concurrently, heated debate in a number of fields has advanced the notion of community risk and benefit. When research is conducted in communities, and the results may “do harm to” communities socially, economically, or medically, should informed and voluntary consent be obtained from communities as well? We argue that for demographers – by definition interested at the phenomena at the population level – concern for individuals as a part of communities is critical to the research process. Questions of community consent, confidentiality, and participation will be pushed to the fore as demography delves into new areas and methods of investigation. This paper provides a brief overview of the historical development of ethics in human subjects research and the subsequent ties to community-level concerns. Drawing on current examples from a variety of settings, we explore definitions of community, the scope and viability of community participation in research, and the implications of these for demographic enquiry. We find that in contrast to substantive debates, little attention has been given to ethical issues in the demographic research process. Research accountability to communities, including the documentation of community risks and benefits, and community representation and consultation in the research process are recommended.     

是民主的“多数”,还是“多数”的民主——论民主之多数决定原则

民主与＂多数＂天生不可分离,民主之所以能够实现是依赖于多数决定;离开多数决定原则,则任何一项决议都不可能形成。但多数决定意味着牺牲＂少数＂,且＂保护少数＂亦难以达到民主。因此,多数决定原则必须回归＂公意＂,即＂多数＂决定之可行乃是因其对＂公意＂判断的准确性得到人民（包括＂少数＂）的认同;＂少数＂与＂多数＂的形成并不是利益对抗的结果,而是因对＂公意＂判断的分歧所致。这就决定了民主的＂多数＂代表的是共同利益而非＂多数＂利益,也正因为如此,民主才不至于沦落为＂多数＂的民主。     

准确把握医疗知情同意权 构建和谐医患关系

医疗知情同意权实现的好坏直接影响着医患关系的走向,保证知情同意权的切实履行,医患双方进行积极有效的沟通是关键,文章阐述了阻碍医患沟通的因素,提出合理分配医疗资源,引导患者理性就诊;进一步完善相关法律法规;加强医院就诊条件的人性化设计及提升医院的社会形象。     

知情同意--临床医疗服务观念的变革

随着社会文化价值观念的变革 ,以及伦理道德的逐步规范 ,知情同意在临床医疗服务过程中的作用越来越重要。阐述了知情同意概念的提出及必要性 ,分析了知情同意实行存在的一些障碍 ,认为实行知情同意医方应向患者提供明确的信息     

Are midwifery clients in Ontario making informed choices about prenatal screening?

BackgroundInformed choice is often lacking in women's decisions about prenatal screening.AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate how well midwives in Ontario, Canada are facilitating informed choice in this area.MethodsAn Internet-based survey was used to investigate 171 midwifery clients’ knowledge, attitude towards and experience of prenatal genetic screening tests, and to determine the proportion of study participants who made an informed choice about prenatal screening.FindingsAll participants demonstrated adequate knowledge of prenatal screening. The vast majority (93.0%) of participants made an informed choice. Participants who chose to screen had lower knowledge scores than those who opted out of screening. Client satisfaction rates in regard to care received in this area ranged from 97% to 100%.ConclusionsResults of this study suggest that Ontario midwives are effective in conveying information on prenatal genetic screening, contributing to high levels of client knowledge and satisfaction in comparison to similar studies in other jurisdictions.     

The Social Construction of Trafficked Persons: An Analysis of the UN Protocol and the TVPA Definitions

This study is an investigation of the discourse surrounding trafficked persons. The U.S. federal government constructs human trafficking as “illegal immigration” and “prostitution.” As such, it may prioritize punishing those who violate trafficking laws. In order to examine this, a content analysis was conducted examining the United Nations Protocol on Human Trafficking and the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Findings suggest that the way in which these laws construct the meaning of trafficking and the surrounding discourse may be influenced by political agendas and subsequently may also influence the utilization of policies and the allocation of social services.     

Age of Consent

SUMMARY

Age of Consent throughout history has usually coincided with the age of puberty although at sometimes it has been as early as seven. Early on age of consent was a familial or tribal matter and only became a legal one in the Greco-Roman period. The Roman tradition served as the base for Christian Europe as well as the Christian Church itself which generally, essentially based upon biological development, set it at 12 or 14 but continued to set the absolute minimum at seven. In the past century there has been a tendency to raise the age of consent but the reasons for the change have not always been clear and the issue has been further complicated by the reluctance of many contemporary historians to recognize what the actual age of consent in the past has been. This failure has distorted the importance of biology on age of consent in the past.     

Pessimism of the will,optimism of the intellect: endings and beginnings

ABSTRACT

This essay argues for the need for an ‘optimism of the intellect’ – in the form of the need for cultural studies – in the face of a growing ‘pessimism of the will.’ It illustrates the value of cultural studies by considering three contemporary problematics: post-truth, polarization and consent.