构建网络伦理的基本原则

网络化社会是人们的另类生存空间 ,网络主体的生存方式因数字化而表现出虚拟性、自主性、“非人性”等特征 ,这决定了其道德运行方式、道德评价方式、道德的功能机制等都有着与现实社会中不同的特点 ,因此有必要以网络主体道德活动方式的特点为依据 ,来寻求新的伦理原则 ,作为构建网络伦理的理性基础。根据网络主体道德活动方式的特点可知 ,网络伦理的基本原则应当主要包括无害原则 ,自主原则 ,知情同意原则和公正原则     

患者权利的法律保护——以医疗知情同意权为视角

医疗知情同意以法律制度的形式详细地规定在《侵权责任法》第55条和56条中。医疗知情同意无非就是医院讲清楚其是如何治疗、怎样用药以及手术过程中存在哪些可以预知的风险,本是尊重患者知情权和选择权的制度安排。但是在司法实践中,由于医患之间缺乏信任,医疗知情同意制度被认为是医生推卸责任的"保护伞"。减少知情同意环节引发的纠纷,充分发挥医疗知情同意制度的作用,保护医患双方的权益,离不开医患双方的共同努力。     

工程活动中公众的伦理责任分析

工程活动与公众之间是密不可分的关系：工程的根本目的在于造福公众,公众是工程利益相关者,公众福祉是评价工程是否具有道德正当性的终极标准。公众在工程活动中应当承担理解工程、参与工程与监督工程的伦理责任。实现公众的伦理责任,需充分保障公众在工程活动中的知情同意权,完善公众在工程活动中的参与机制与监督机制,提高公众的工程技术素质与伦理责任意识。     

Prostitution of Young Persons

SUMMARY

Juvenile prostitution in the German welfare work is being interpreted as a peculiar behaviour which cannot be influenced by criminal law but by psychodynamic and social condition factors and motives. The public prostitution of adolescents largely takes place unaffected by criminal persecution. In view of the legislation in Germany, the regulations of criminal law have not had any decisive influence at juvenile prostitution. In Germany there exists a sufficient protection of children and adolescents. The current discussion about the expansion of the childhood definition of young people up to 18 years, and a de-legalization of agreed sexual actions between people under and over 18 years ignores a typical juvenile behaviour. A change in the situation of life of juvenile prostitutes by a legal intensification, as well as a change in behaviour through an anonymous sanction system like that of legislation, cannot be expected.     

Explicit Verbal Sexual Consent Communication: Effects of Gender,Relationship Status,and Type of Sexual Behavior

Objectives: College students believe that they are supposed to be explicit and verbal in their sexual consent communication. We examined various contexts to determine when sexual consent is likely to be communicated explicitly and verbally. Method: We surveyed U.S. college students’ (n?=?707) sexual consent communication. Results: We identified contexts when explicit verbal consent cues are less likely—when the person is a woman, when the sexual relationship is casual, and when the sexual behavior is not vaginal-penile intercourse. Conclusions: If sexual consent is contextual, that means communicating consent should not ever be taken for granted.     

心理实验中的伦理问题研究

心理实验对于心理学发展和人类进步是十分必要的,但一些心理试验的过程中存在着违背伦理道德的现象,比如儿童模仿能力实验和斯坦福监狱实验。要解决这些问题,心理实验应遵守“知情同意原则”、“有利无伤原则”,同时加强法律、舆论和专门机构的监督。目前一些心理实验中仍存在着被试者利益与人类利益相矛盾的悖论。解决这一问题应该遵循“科学目的原则”即服务人类原则。     

从个体同意到共同承诺——政治义务的多元主体理论评析

通过对＂真实契约论＂和作为替代理论的＂政治义务的多元主体理论＂的比较与分析,得出以下结论：诉诸＂共同承诺＂而非＂个体同意＂,更能合理地解释＂我＂和＂我们＂之间的关系,并能为政治社会中人们对＂偏离行为＂的抱怨提供恰当的理由。     

Overcoming Language Barriers in the Informed Consent Process: Regulatory and Compliance Issues with the Use of the “Short Form”

Language barriers in the informed consent process can be a significant impediment when recruiting non-English speaking subjects into clinical research studies. Regulatory guidelines indicate that the short form procedure be utilized in such circumstances. In this paper, we examine some of the ambiguities in the regulatory framework, the resulting need for institutional policy guidelines, and compliance issues with the short form process.     

The protection of unrepresented patients in emergency care research

In emergency care research, it may be the case that neither informed consent nor surrogate consent is possible. In order to nonetheless allow for such research, codes and regulations of research ethics have increasingly incorporated provisions regarding this specific situation. The protection that those provisions offer need to be better understood. This article addresses in what ways they protect individuals, and especially the extent to which the suggested protection compensates for the loss of surrogate consent. The Declaration of Helsinki, the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and the EU Clinical Trials Regulation serve as the main illustrations.     

论同意（consent）的自由价值及其影响因素

虽然人们在自由具有什么样的价值这个问题上可能产生分歧或争议,却都会认为自由是有价值的。凡是有效同意,都因以自愿或自主为其必要条件而必然蕴含自由。由于同意蕴含有同意主体的自由,而自由又被普遍认为是一种价值,因此,同意在某种程度上也便具有了自由的价值。虽然同意以同意主体之自由为前提,没有自由则往往使得同意归于无效,但在实践中,这样的失去自由之前提的同意却并不少见。导致作为同意前提的自由阙如的原因,可以大体上概括为这么几种情况：威胁、欺骗、诱惑、压力。