日本对华文化侵略的特征、方式与危害

日本对华侵略的思想、方策的设计者,大都不是在朝的政府官员,而是民间学者、文化人。日本的侵华,往往是“有思想能力”的学者文化人首先提出设想、加以论证,并首先在民间制造舆论,然后思想舆论一旦形成,则影响政府决策,并由政府加以组织实施。本文对其主要方式和途径进行了分析并指出日本对中国的文化侵略是一个历史的、客观的存在,在这个问题的研究中应以历史文献学的方法正确呈现和描述史实,从而填补日本侵华史研究中的这一薄弱环节。     

日本侵华时期对中国伊斯兰教的研究--以机构设置及创办期刊为中心

侵华时期，日本政府为了全面了解包括中国在内的世界伊斯兰教及穆斯林问题，设立了诸多研究机构，同时创办了《伊斯兰》《回教圈》《回教事情》《伊斯兰世界》等学术刊物。相关研究机构及人员利用政府投入的资金，在侵略地进行多次调研、研究，在刊物上发表许多论文和调研报告。将以上历史做一简单介绍，以为国内学界对这段研究史有所了解。     

壬辰倭乱与朝鲜朱子学的东渐

16世纪末,日本发动了侵略朝鲜的战争,史称"壬辰倭乱",此次战争殃及中、朝、日三国。在战乱中众多的朝鲜人被俘至日,大量的朝鲜本图书遭劫掠,使朝鲜的朱子学在日本广泛深入地传播,它对日本朱子学以及日本社会产生了深远影响。     

沈惟敬的籍贯家世、生卒年日及其早年经历

万历朝鲜战争期间的册封日本使者沈惟敬在中日外交史上地位突出。近年关于沈惟敬的研究多注重于他的外交活动,对其本人的相关信息鲜有涉及。文章梳理了沈惟敬的相关信息,考证其籍贯为“嘉兴府嘉兴县”,其家世可能为平湖名家“清溪沈氏”;考证其生年为嘉靖十六年（1537）,后于万历二十七年（1599）被批准处决;考证其早年曾参加过御倭战事,后来寓居北京。沈惟敬的早年经历与其后来跻身东亚历史舞台有着一定的关系。     

太平洋战场上美苏远东战略与日本投降——兼论日本投降的原因

二战后期,基于远东地区在战后格局中的特殊地位,美苏两国在太平洋战场上对此各怀鬼胎。日本政府宣布对《波茨坦公告》＂默杀＂,美国随即将两颗原子弹投向日本,苏联乘机出兵中国东北对日本关东军予以毁灭性打击,日本遂宣布投降。军事失利、外交失败、国内政治和经济危机是导致日本投降的现实因素,而日本民族的等级观念和天皇制的保留是日本投降的理性因素。     

浅谈抗联一军军部设在天桥沟的原因

由民族英雄杨靖宇将军率领的东北抗日联军第一军,曾活动于辽宁省宽甸县天桥沟地区并把军部设在这里。其原因在于天桥沟有良好的地理位置和群众基础,同时,这里也是日伪统治力量薄弱的地方,易于开展广泛的抗日游击战争。     

Impact of introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera , upon native bee communities in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands

The Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands are oceanic islands located in the northwest Pacific, and have ten native (nine endemic) bee species, all of which are nonsocial. The European honeybee (Apis mellifera), which was introduced to the islands for apiculture in the 1880s, became naturalized in a few islands shortly after introduction. To detect the impact of the honeybees upon native bee diversity, we analyzed pollen harvest by honeybees and surveyed the relative abundance of honeybees and native bees on flowers on several islands. Both hived and feral honeybee colonies were active throughout the year, harvesting pollen of both native and alien flowers and from both entomophilous and anemophilous flowers. Honeybees strongly depended on the alien plants, especially during winter to spring when native melittophilous flowers were rare. From June to November, honeybees exhaustively utilized native flowers, which had originally been utilized and pollinated by native bees. On Chichi and Haha Islands, where human disturbance of forests has been severe, both native and alien flowers were dominated by honeybees, and native bees were rare or extinct even in well-conserved forests. In contrast, on Ani Island and Haha's satellite islands where primary forests were well conserved and honeybees were still uncommon or absent, native bees remained dominant. These results suggest that competition for nectar and pollen of the native flowers between honeybees and native bees favors honeybees on the disturbed islands, which are thoroughly invaded by alien nectariferous, sometimes aggressive, weedy plants. Received: May 8, 1998 / Accepted: May 6, 1999     

Estimation of the probability of insect pest introduction through imported commodities

A quantitative risk assessment is needed for each quarantine pest insect to ensure quarantine security without sacrificing the transparency of international trade. The probability of introduction, which is defined as the probability that one or more reproductive individuals of a pest insect species pass the port, is one of the basic components determining the risk of pest invasion. The probability depends on two biological characteristics of pests: mode of reproduction and spatial distribution of insects per host plant. In this article, the probability of introduction was calculated for each of the following four categories: (1) bisexual, gregarious pests; (2) bisexual, solitary pests; (3) parthenogenetic, gregarious pests; and (4) parthenogenetic, solitary pests. Then, equations were derived to predict the effects of two prevention practices conducted before export: disinfestation treatment and the subsequent export sampling inspection of consignments. These equations also enable estimation of the probability of introduction under natural mortality, which thus can be used in place of the criterion of Maximum Pest Limit (MPL). The method was applied to the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew), as an example. The contour graph of the probability of introduction indicated the optimal combination of the intensity of two prevention practices that ensures a given security level. Existence of an antagonistic interaction was also indicated between the disinfestation treatment and the subsequent sampling inspection. Received: January 22, 1999 / Accepted: September 6, 1999