Skill and education effects on earnings in 18 Countries: The role of national educational institutions

This study investigates whether the mechanisms why education is rewarded vary across countries. Do educational institutions affect the likelihood that support for a particular mechanism is found? Combining IALS survey data and OECD statistics on educational institutions, it was shown that the effect of measured skill on earnings - controlled for educational attainment - is lower in countries where educational institutions produce skills relevant for work through the vocational system. This indicates that the human capital perspective on education works particularly well in vocationally oriented educational systems, as the skills generated in education are strongly overlapping with the skills that are rewarded. An alternative mechanism sees education as a means for social closure through credentialization. Under the credentialization model, education is not primarily rewarded for the productivity-enhancing skills it entails, but rather for reasons unrelated to productivity. Following this theory education is used for selection into the organization, after which directly observable skills are determining wages. Assuming that a strongly differentiated educational system creates boundaries between social groups, it is hypothesized that strongly differentiated systems lead to stronger measured skill effects. We do not find support for this hypothesis.     

我国劳动力市场中的就业政策支持

我国劳动力市场中的就业政策支持是我国当前乃至今后 2 0年全面建设小康社会过程中重要的研究课题。本报告对我国当前劳动力市场中的就业政策支持对象即就业困难群体的范畴界定和构成 ,我国现阶段劳动力的组织 (工会 )及其对就业困难群体的支持 ,我国政府已经实施的多项就业支持政策等进行了系统的研究和评估。并对今后我国各级各类组织 ,在发展市场经济的条件下 ,继续加大就业政策支持 ,特别是有关政府和工会重视对劳动者权益的保护、劳动关系和劳动法问题的关注 ,与未来 2 0年我国全面建设小康社会的战略性目标和任务的实现 ,提供了一些重要的政策建议。     

城市青年知识分子家庭性别分工模式嬗变的“社会性别”分析

以"社会性别"为视角,阐述分析了城市青年知识分子家庭性别分工模式从改革开放初期的"二保一"型到今天的"比翼双飞"型的嬗变及其这种嬗变的历史必然性。     

The effect of job satisfaction on labor turnover by gender: An analysis for Switzerland

This paper analyzes the effect of job satisfaction on labor turnover by gender using data from the first two waves of the Swiss Household Panel (1999 and 2000). The results confirm that job satisfaction is a very good predictor of future quits and, more important, reveal that job satisfaction does not influence the inclination to become non-employed; that is, neither men nor women self-select out of the labor force due to dissatisfaction. This result clearly refutes the claim that the gender/job satisfaction paradox (i.e., the fact that women tend to be more satisfied at work than men) is being driven by self-selection. This paper also shows that, based on job satisfaction information and quitting behavior, there is no apparent difference in firm attachment between men and women.     

海湾外籍劳务现状及其发展趋势

自海湾发现石油并进行大规模开采后,海合会成员国开始利用石油美元兴建和改善各自的基础设施.但海湾国家本土劳动力匮乏和就业特点促使政府考虑大量输入外籍劳工,以致出现外籍劳工比例过高的状况.本文认为外籍劳工为当地经济发展和社会建设做出了巨大贡献,促进了海湾城市化和现代化进程,但同时也催生了社会、文化、安全等诸方面的问题,迫使海湾国家政府采取一系列政策和措施加强劳务管理.本文还探讨了海湾外籍劳务市场的发展趋势,并对中国向海湾派遣劳务提出若干建言.     

新《劳动合同法》下的民营企业人力资源管理

《劳动合同法》的实施,不仅会提高民营企业的人力资源成本,而且还会推动新的人力资源管理的变革。民营企业只有通过人力资源系统管理提高人力资源的投入产出比,完善人力资源管理程序和创新管理方式才能应对新《劳动合同法》所带来的外部环境的变化。     

‘A load too heavy’: Critical reflections on the child labor problem in Africa's small-scale mining sector

This paper provides an extended analysis of the child labor problem in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector, focusing specifically on the situation in sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, the issue of child labor in ASM has garnered significant attention from the International Labor Organization (ILO), which has been particularly active in raising public awareness of the problem; and, has proceeded to implement policies and collaborative project work aimed at curtailing children's participation in ASM activities in a number of African countries. The analysis concludes with a critical appraisal of an ILO project recently launched in the Talensi–Nabdam District in the Upper East Region of Ghana, which sheds light on how the child labor problem is being tackled in practice in ASM communities in sub-Saharan Africa.     

中国未来劳动力就业趋势研究

本文采用联合国PDPM中的“就业量 -增加值”函数法对中国未来 2 5年(2 0 0 0 - 2 0 2 5年 )中第一、二、三产业劳动力的需求状况进行了预测 ,并与劳动力供给对比 ,发现中国的高失业状况至少要持续 2 0年时间。同时本文还深入分析了失业长期存在的原因     

“微观权力”结构调整：新《劳动法》对中国社会结构转型的价值

新《劳动法》的颁布实施，将通过对企业主和劳动者这种“微观权力”关系的调整，为实现社会结构的顺利转型搭建更为扁平化的“微观权力”架构。同时，由于权力结构的调整势必会引起各种利益相关者为保值或增值自身利益而加入这个利益博弈格局，从而使新《劳动法》在一定程度上偏离预期目标和效益。因此，通过对新《劳动法》可能的正、负价值的认知与解读，可以为人们趋利避害地利用它实质性地推动社会结构转型奠定思想上的基础。     

地理距离、方言文化与劳动力空间流动

本文基于百度迁徙大数据研究中国劳动力的空间流动，系统考察地理和文化对劳动力流动的影响。通过构造流动机会比率，基于引力模型和普通最小二乘法的研究表明地理距离和方言距离阻碍劳动力流动。在空间距离上，劳动力偏好邻近城市，地理距离每增加1%，劳动力的流动机会比率降低约0.6%。在空间位置上，劳动力倾向于在方言文化相近地域范围流动，方言距离每增加1%，劳动力的流动机会比率下降2%左右。通过构造两地年均降水量差距和小麦种植适宜度差距作为方言距离的工具变量，以两阶段最小二乘法估计缓解内生性问题，估计显示结论稳健。考虑普通话因素后方言距离的抑制影响依然稳健，但目的地的高普通话普及率显著发挥促进劳动力流动的引力作用。最后，本文得出持续推广普通话、加强交通建设和深化中等教育的政策建议。