青少年流行语中的"N"

“N”是近年来在青少年群体中高频出现的一个新词,其用法相当于数词(或数量形容词)和程度副词。通过超常变异的形式表达了强烈的主观情态,体现了“极量”的语义特征,以“N”为代表的青少年流行语在表述数量多少、级别差异和程度高低时,总是通过现有语言体系中某些词语的“移位”、不同认知范畴符号的“移域”或从不同语言体系引介形成的“占位”来构建新的表述体系,显现出模糊性、形象性、多变性特征。     

Pay premiums for economic sector and race: A decomposition

This paper examines two issues concerning a dual economy theory of labor markets. Using data from the older men's file of the National Longitudinal Surveys, I first investigate the degree to which differences in rates of pay among economic sectors (competitive, monopoly, public) are accounted for by sector differences in (1) human capital composition, (2) unionization, (3) occupational skill requirements, and (4) other factors producing an ability and willingness to pay high wages. The results of this decomposition suggest that the greater ability and willingness to pay high wages and the higher levels of unionization are the primary factors producing a monopoly sector pay premium. Second, I examine how racial differences in pay vary across sector and perform an analogous decomposition of these differences. In contrast to several previous studies, the relative disadvantages of black men were found to be somewhat greater in the competitive sector than in the monopoly sector.     

Involuntary job loss and changes in personality traits

Economists consider personality traits to be stable, particularly throughout adulthood. However, evidence from psychological studies suggests that the stability assumption may not always be valid, as personality traits can respond to certain life events. Our paper analyzes whether and to what extent personality traits are malleable over a time span of eight years for a sample of working individuals. Furthermore, we specifically look at changes in personality traits after a major adverse life event: involuntary job loss. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) from 2004 to 2014 – a period over which individuals’ Big Five personality inventory was measured three times. Our dataset allows us to exploit detailed employment information, particularly reasons for job termination and unemployment spells. We focus solely on plant closures as a reason for job termination. Job loss due to plant closure is widely used as a relatively exogenous event to identify causal effects. Our results suggest that personality traits are indeed malleable during adulthood. Although the Big Five measures are relatively stable within the overall population of workers, we find an increase in openness, that is, the willingness to seek new experiences, for the average displaced worker. This increase, however, is fully driven by individuals with high educational attainment and by those who find a new job immediately after dismissal. The other dimensions of the Big Five personality inventory remain nearly unchanged after an involuntary job loss. Our findings hold for a number of robustness checks and are supported by the results of a falsification test using a placebo treatment.     

论汉语构词法之“N ＋X”组合

一种大量存在于上古汉语词汇中的“大名冠小名”偏正结构的主要组合特点为前语素是事物类名，后语素是其下位小名。根据原型论对这一独特构词法“N＋X”式的内部组合特征的深层分析和历时发展状况的研究表明，认为其在秦汉后就丧失生命力而消亡的观点有待商榷。     

TEAM INCENTIVES: EVIDENCE FROM A FIRM LEVEL EXPERIMENT

Many organizations rely on teamwork, and yet field evidence on the impacts of team‐based incentives remains scarce. Compared to individual incentives, team incentives can affect productivity by changing both workers’ effort and team composition. We present evidence from a field experiment designed to evaluate the impact of rank incentives and tournaments on the productivity and composition of teams. Strengthening incentives, either through rankings or tournaments, makes workers more likely to form teams with others of similar ability instead of with their friends. Introducing rank incentives however reduces average productivity by 14%, whereas introducing a tournament increases it by 24%. Both effects are heterogeneous: rank incentives only reduce the productivity of teams at the bottom of the productivity distribution, and monetary prize tournaments only increase the productivity of teams at the top. We interpret these results through a theoretical framework that makes precise when the provision of team‐based incentives crowds out the productivity‐enhancing effect of social connections under team production.     

THE EFFECT OF JOINT CUSTODY ON FAMILY OUTCOMES

Since the 1970s almost all US states have introduced a form of joint custody after divorce. I analyze the causal effect of these custody law reforms on different family outcomes. My identification strategy exploits the different timing of reforms across the US states. Estimations based on state panel data suggest that the introduction of joint custody led to an increase in marriage rates, an increase in overall fertility (including a shift from nonmarital to marital fertility), and an increase in divorce rates for older couples. Accordingly, female labor market participation decreased. Further, male suicide rates and domestic violence fell in treated states. The empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that joint custody increased the relative bargaining power of men within marriage.     

四川方言“啥子”与“啥子+N”探析

"啥子"与"啥子+N"高频率出现在四川方言口语中,但关于"啥"字的读音,各类工具书说法不一。在四川方言中一般用"啥子"、"啥子东西",表示问物;用"啥子"、"啥子事",表示问事,三者同时存在,同中有异,异中有同。本文从共时的角度出发,基于方言口语语料与方言文本语料,对"啥子"和"啥子+N"进行考察,充分描写它们在语义表达,句法功能等方面的异同。     

‘Loyal resistance’: N.P. van Wyk Louw (1906–1970) and the intellectual

The article analyses the seminal role played by the poet N.P. van Wyk Louw in defining the intellectual in Afrikaans public discourse. It shows that Van Wyk Louw’s defence of key concepts such as ‘liberal nationalism’ and ‘the open discussion’ in the 1950s was a movement away from his earlier views on Afrikaner nationalism, in which he focused on non‐rational forces. In the contested terrain of debates on Afrikaner nationalism Van Wyk Louw emphasised the need for the intellectual to ground his interventions in the tradition of European political thought, which demanded a respect for justice and an attempt at reconciling nationalism with liberalism. The article finally comments on the relevance of Van Wyk Louw’s contribution to current debates on public intellectual life in South Africa.     

Managing and sharing H1N1 crisis information using social media bookmarking services

Social media outlets are becoming main stream venues for risk and crisis communication, and how information is shared is critical. Analysis of social bookmarks regarding H1N1 demonstrate the CDC was the most popular reference for information, individuals were strongly present, blogs were the most popular type of documents, and Twitter is the most popular source being referenced. The crisis communication literature has just started to address those stakeholders that are creating their own influence and messages online.     

基于模拟退火遗传算法(N+M)容错系统优化模型的求解

本文提出了求解（N＋M）容错系统优化模型的模拟退火遗传算法．该算法在遗传算法的约束条件处理、交叉和变异概率选取、变异个体等环节引入了模拟退火机制，实现了模拟退火和遗传算法的融合，进一步改善算法的搜索能力、搜索效乍和收敛性能，计算结果验证了算法的有效性和正确性。